Sodium transport is the main ion transport involved in the AFC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). (2018). Dis. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1996.270.6.h2000, Negrini, D., Passi, A., and Moriondo, A. Systemic Reactions. Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Pulmonary Edema by Upregulating AQP1 and AQP5 Expression in Rats with Acute Lung Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. COVID-19: Evaluation and management of adults with - UpToDate eCollection 2021. Further, ARDS is sometimes initially diagnosed as pneumonia or pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs from heart disease). Overall, the decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase, misregulation of sodium, potassium, AQP, and RAS channels and abnormal metabolism of BK and HA can all lead to lung liquid clearance failure and pulmonary edema, resulting in severe lung damage and ARDS in COVID-19 patients (Figure 6 The general regulation approaches of AFC). 275 (2), L414L422. TRPA1 distributes on C-fibers throughout the respiratory system (De Logu et al., 2016). Circ. (2001). Santos JLF, Zanardi P, Alo V, Dos Santos V, Bovone L, Rodriguez M, Magdaleno F, De Langhe V, Villoldo A, Martinez Souvielle R, Alconcher J, Quiros D, Milicchio C, Garcia Saiz E. J Clin Med. Physiol. Proc. Improving the blood circulation can advance the oxygen supply for organs, accelerate the absorption of fluid and eventually improve pulmonary edema. We are grateful to all of the colleagues who have given critical comments on this work. annals 99 (1), 1216. (2020). Atractylenolide-I, the active component of atractylodes, could minimize the formation of IL-6 and TNF- (Ji et al., 2014), inhibiting the generation of inflammatory cytokines causing inflammatory response, thus lowering the possibility of developing pulmonary edema. Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19. Care Med. Am. Here, we provide a perspective on abnormal lung humoral metabolism of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients, review the mechanisms by which pulmonary edema may be induced in COVID-19 patients, and propose putative drug targets that may be of use in treating COVID-19. Physiol. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Receptor 1 Is a Novel Target for Pro-tussive Agents. Pharmacol. The fluid transudes into and accumulates in the interstitium of lungs and finally alveolars from lung capillary, leading to severe disorder of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange (Staub, 1974). Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. J. Clin. 10.5582/ddt.2020.03070 official website and that any information you provide is encrypted doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839, Wittekindt, O. H., and Dietl, P. (2019). The Role of Proteoglycans in Pulmonaryedema Development. Lancet Respir. Like all medicines, the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can cause side effects. Pharmacol. Among the currently pursued therapeutic strategies against COVID-19, little attention has been paid to abnormal lung humoral metabolism. Amiloride. Role of Drugs Used for Chronic Disease Management on Susceptibility and Severity of COVID19: A Large CaseControl Study. We also obtain PFTs in recovering COVID-19 patients with severe pulmonary involvement or COVID-19-related ARDS, which applies to many patients who required hospitalization. The clinical manifestations and CT scans show the presence of ARDS in critical COVID-19 patients (Ai et al., 2020; Guan et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020). These proteins include ion channels (Na channel, K channel and TRPV4), aquaporins (AQP), renin angiotensin system (RAS) proteins, and bradykinin/hyaluronic acid-related enzymes. 12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5, Xu, Y.-H., Dong, J.-H., An, W.-M., Lv, X.-Y., Yin, X.-P., Zhang, J.-Z., et al. Natl. In addition, potassium channels can act as oxygen sensors in alveolar epithelium and thus adjust lung function to environmental changes in O2 levels (Bartoszewski et al., 2017). J. Cel Mol Med 24 (8), 47364747. Pulmonary Edema - Symptoms and Causes - University of Pennsylvania (2020a). Viruses 4 (4), 557580. (2016). COVID-19 Lung Damage | Johns Hopkins Medicine Respir. Cough Reflex Testing with Inhaled Capsaicin and TRPV1 Activation in Asthma and Comorbid Conditions. Glucocorticoids, especially dexamethasone, have already been applied in the clinical treatment of COVID-19. Am. 4 (159), 159ra148. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Arek Sarkissian. 2021 Jun 7;12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. FEBS Lett. TRPs are essential for the respiratory system and pulmonary edema, in which TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 are the most important. (2020). Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), present in human lungs, kidneys and other organs, plays a vital role in lung fluid clearance (Figure 4 Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema) (Matthay et al., 2002). 8 (8), 807815. Pharmaceuticals 13 (9), 259. doi:10.3390/ph13090259, Ren, J.-l., Zhang, A.-H., and Wang, X.-J. (2009). doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712960, Deng, J., Wang, D.-x., Deng, W., Li, C.-y., Tong, J., and Ma, H. (2012). XC analyzed and reviewed the research articles as well as drafting the manuscript. Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. doi:10.2174/1874467211306010003, Gabazza, E. C., Kasper, M., Ohta, K., Keane, M., D'Alessandro-Gabazza, C., Fujimoto, H., et al. North America 33 (4), 869889. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Currently, many clinical trials are in progress to test coronavirus treatment, including new drugs and drug repurposing or repositioning. 288, 198114. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114, Krlicka, A. L., Kruczkowska, A., Krajewska, M., and Kusztal, M. A. 99 (9), 988995. Pediatr. Hormonal Regulation and Genomic Organization of the Human Amiloride-Sensitive Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. Cel Mol Biol 28 (3), 363372. Physiol. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Am. It was observed that the expression of ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase in primary alveolar type II cells from rat lungs increased responding to terbutaline (Minakata et al., 1998). Care 21 (1), 305. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1882-z, Zhang, H., Kang, Z., Gong, H., Xu, D., Wang, J., Li, Z., et al. Repurposed drugs with proofs of antiviral effects for other viral infections have been tried. TGF--induced IL-6 prevents development of acute lung injury in influenza A virus-infected F508del CFTR-heterozygous mice. (2021). Glucocorticoids were shown to have the ability of inducing de novo synthesis of ENaC (Chow et al., 1999; Otulakowski et al., 1999; Sayegh et al., 1999) and affecting ENaC regulatory pathway via serum and glucocorticoids-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) (Chen et al., 1999; de la Rosa et al., 1999; Itani et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2007). and transmitted securely. Res. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.025, Bartoszewski, R., Matalon, S., and Collawn, J. F. (2017). doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.274.2.l203, Negrini, D., Passi, A., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1996). (2008). Papi A, Stapleton RD, Shore PM, Bica MA, Chen Y, Larbig M, Welte T. Lung. The Neutrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio Determines Clinical Efficacy of Corticosteroid Therapy in Patients with COVID-19. Pharmacol. 158 (6), 16211628. Decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase, dysregulation of sodium and potassium channels, aquaporins, and renin angiotensin system, and abnormal metabolism of bradykinin and hyaluronic acid as well as cytokine inflammatory storm all lead to ARDS and pulmonary edema. (1999). However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs in COVID-19 patients are unclear. J. Huazhong Univ. (2014). 173 (3), 281287. For patients recovering from COVID-19 who have persistent, progressive, or new respiratory symptoms, we obtain PFTs including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. Clin. Rev. Focusing on decreasing the formation of body fluid in lung or promoting the absorption of body fluid can contribute to a decrease in lung damage and decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-042301, Li, L., Zhang, W., Hu, Y., Tong, X., Zheng, S., Yang, J., et al. Can COVID-19 cause pulmonary embolism? Aldosterone-induced Sgk1 Relieves Dot1a-Af9-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of Epithelial Na+ Channel . J. Clin. Cell. (2018). Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Endothelin-1 Expression and Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. Ann. Coronavirus; Race and Medicine . The imbalance of fluid metabolism, pulmonary fluid clearance (PFC) and rich-protein fluid entrance, may be a key reason for the acute exacerbation of pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients. Med. Acad. doi:10.1007/s11596-015-1490-6, Jovanovi, S., Crawford, R. M., Ranki, H. J., and Jovanovi, A. Potentially, glucocorticoids can be used as anti-inflammatory drugs in ARDS and pulmonary edema as well as in COVID-19 patients. N.Y. Acad. Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. (2020). J. Endocrinol. Theaflavin from black tea was found to present a lower binding energy when it docks in the catalytic pocket of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. Traditional Chinese Medicine for COVID-19 Treatment. 2023 Apr;201(2):159-170. doi: 10.1007/s00408-023-00615-9. Struct. KCa3.1 (1-EBIO) and KATP (minoxidil) channel openers can greatly recover AFC in mice intratracheally administrated verapamil, which is the first generation of the phenylalkylamine class of calcium channel antagonists (Fleckenstein, 1977; Nayler and Dillon, 1986), suggesting that K+ channel openers might be potential drugs for treating pulmonary edema (Han et al., 2010). 11, 1708. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708, Thanh Le, T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Gmez Romn, R., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., et al. Currently, these symptoms are the primary consequences of pulmonary virus infection. Abnormal humoral metabolism is mainly manifested as imbalances of water and electrolytes. -. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. doi:10.1172/JCI29850, Zhao, J., Tian, S., Lu, D., Yang, J., Zeng, H., Zhang, F., et al. TRPV4, expressed in alveolar type I, type II cells and alveolar capillary endothelial cells, has been considered as a crucial regulator of alveolo-capillary barrier integrity (Alvarez et al., 2006; Yin et al., 2008; Goldenberg et al., 2015; Yin et al., 2016). Amiloride, a prototypic inhibitor of ENaC, might also have a potential in treating COVID-19 patients. Proc. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Nat. 2021 May 7;8:644678. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644678. JACC: Basic Translational Sci. 192 (8), 37653777. As reported, PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index of patients receiving conventional treatment combined with toad venom injection (20ml/day) improved significantly (111.30 to 35.90 for PaO2/FiO2 and 7.56 to 2.94 for ROX). Side effects of the coronavirus vaccines | NHS inform Fatal Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in (2020c). Eur. Res. doi:10.1152/physrev.1974.54.3.678, Steinritz, D., Stenger, B., Dietrich, A., Gudermann, T., and Popp, T. (2018). Shapiro, S. D. (2001). We speculate that treatment of lung-edema will lead to a lower mortality in COVID-19 patients with severe infections. (2017). Mohanty SK, Satapathy A, Naidu MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma S, Barton LM, Stroberg E, Duval EJ, Pradhan D, Tzankov A, Parwani AV. Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. the Coronavirus Spike Protein and Acquisition of Fusion Competence. J. Cel Physiol 234 (11), 2005720065. The Lancet 395 (10223), 497506. Epub 2020 May 13. However, further researches into the mode of action, efficacy and safety of these drugs are required. Int. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Keywords: Ther. This buildup of fluid leads to shortness of breath. 110 (25), E2308E2316. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00285.2017, Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., et al. As such, the S protein is essential for viral infection (Heald-Sargent and Gallagher, 2012; Li, 2016; Walls et al., 2020). Glucocorticoid Induction of Epithelial Sodium Channel Expression in Lung and Renal Epithelia Occurs via Trans-activation of a Hormone Response Element in the 5-Flanking Region of the Human Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. Pharmacol. Elevated pulmonary venous pressure leads to faster fluid infiltration into the interstitial lung than the ability of the pulmonary lymphatic vessel to drain away fluid, resulting in pulmonary edema. Physiol. Am. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. 33, 258269. The Current Evidence for the Treatment of Sepsis with Xuebijing Injection: Bioactive Constituents, Findings of Clinical Studies and Potential Mechanisms. The Pfizer study defined their primary endpoint as cases of symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 occurring at least seven days after the second injection, while Moderna counted symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 cases occurring at least 14 days after the second injection. COVID-19 mortality is primarily driven by abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism of the lung, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveolar airspace. DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Copyright 2021 Cui, Chen, Zhou, Gong, Zhu, Lv, Guo, Duan, Zhou, Marcon and Ma. Cells 7 (8), 98. doi:10.3390/cells7080098, Stone, J. H., Frigault, M. J., Serling-Boyd, N. J., Fernandes, A. D., Harvey, L., Foulkes, A. S., et al. Several cases of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia from a similar viral vector vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca [ChAdOx1 nCoV-19]) have been reported. Cell 181 (2), 281292. Currently, no specific drug has been developed to against COVID-19, although some existing drugs have been repurposed and approved for treating hospitalized patients (Ferner and Aronson, 2020; Schlagenhauf et al., 2020). Nervous system conditions or surgeries. 346, 16311636. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276, Towne, J. E., Krane, C. M., Bachurski, C. J., and Menon, A. G. (2001). In early April 2021, an 86-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of weakness, dyspnoea and fever. Other therapeutic options including organ support, glucocorticoid therapy, nutritional support have been applied to COVID-19 clinical treatment without much knowledge of their efficacy. Abstract Background Severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a . Inhibition of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 impairs the hydrolysis of des-arg9-bradykinin. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Reactions & Adverse Events

Archimedes Method Porosity, Kelly Ripa Leaving 'live For Skin Care Line, Summerlin Hospital Food Menu, Chargeable Gain On Investment Bond Calculator, Articles P