Because tides were then able to inundate the plantation, the ground became too wet and salty for the trees to survive (right). The earthquake caused 400-800 million dollars of damage in US which is between 3.24-6.48 billion dollars US today. Further north, the port of Talcahuano did not suffer any major damage, only some flooding. [11], The Chilean coast was devastated by a tsunami from Mocha Island (38 S) to Aysn Region (45 S). Concomitantly, a ministerial-level committee, COPERE (Comisin de Planificacin de la Economa y de Reconstruccin), was officially named as the government's Planning and Reconstruction Committee. Once I was standing in the doorway, I could see that the electricity had gone out throughout the whole city. The boats found were used to navigate in Valdivia River and Corral Bay but had drifted into the high sea. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In addition to this loss of the living, Quenuir lost many of its dead. BBC News website readers sent their eyewitness accounts of the earthquake which struck northern Chile on Monday. Tsunamis have also been caused by the eruption of some coastal and island volcanoes, submarine landslides, and oceanic impacts of large meteorites. BBC NEWS | Americas | Chilean earthquake: Eyewitness accounts The pines, grown for timber, covered low ground around Mr. Atala's barn. Gathering cameras, notebooks, flashlights, and steel measuring tapes, they piled into a Ford station wagon for the 30-mile ride down to Hilo. Many Chilean cities sustained significant damage, including Puerto Montt, where noticeable subsidence occurred, and Valdivia, where nearly half of the buildings were rendered uninhabitable. This chapter examines retrospectively the impact on the businesses in the city of Valdivia, Chile, of the earthquake and tsunami on "El Da de Los Santos Inocentes". Other volcanoes may also have erupted, but none were recorded because of the lack of communication in Chile at the time. So, why bother to prepare for such a tsunami? Others describe taking refuge in buildings or trees or floating on debris-tactics that had mixed results and can be recommended only as desperate acts. How does the Chile earthquake of 1960 compare with other recent earthquakes? I met a couple of guys from the Netherlands, and I told them, jokingly, that it was just a small earthquake. Later that Sunday, the magnitude 9.5 mainshock of the 1960 Chile earthquake rocked the region. Subduction is a process that occurs at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates due to the movement of one plate under another. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2023 Informa UK Limited, Registered in England & Wales No. As the ground beneath him shook hard for several minutes, he was forced to get off his horse. [75], Creation of a national emergency management agency. [55] The scholar Erik Dahmn believes that the earthquake resulted in a "creative destruction" for farmers of Southern Chile. Mr. Eaton recalls that they then heard an ominous noise, a faint rumble like a distant train, that came from the darkness far out in Hilo Bay. Measurements of past tsunamis are commonly used to help identify areas at risk from future tsunamis. The main tsunami traveled across the Pacific Ocean and devastated Hilo, Hawaii, where waves as high as 10.7 metres (35ft) were recorded over 10,000 kilometres (6,200mi) from the epicenter. It was the fifth largest earthquake ever to be recorded by a seismograph and ranks thirteen in the overall list including estimates. Another wave measuring 10m (33ft) was reported ten minutes later. BBC News website readers sent their eyewitness accounts of the earthquake which struck northern Chile on Monday. In Hawai'i, the tsunami devastated the coastal town of Hilo, killing 61 people. They were released from prison after two years. Such waves kept arriving for several hours. On the way back, they met a police officer who told them that the danger had passed. Although nearly everyone heard the sirens, only about a third of them thought it was a signal to evacuate without further notice. The 1960 Concepcin earthquakes were a succession of three destructive earthquakes that happened between 21 and 22 May 1960. El maremoto fue tan grande que hasta los muertos sac de sus tumbas. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake struck Chile on the afternoon of 22nd May 1960, causing widespread damage with Valdivia being the most affected city. The damages were to areas of poor soil quality, chiefly former wetlands and artificial fills. Mr. Argomedo was on high ground during the hours that followed the earthquake. [20], Earthquake-induced tsunamis affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, China,[21] eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Chile is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a known zone of high seismicity. The area of intensities of VII or more did not penetrate into the Central Valley north of Lleulleu Lake (38 S) and south of Castro (42.5 S). The combined effects of the disaster left two million people homeless. Not all the tsunami victims were found quickly. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The alternative explanation, with two faults slipping nearly simultaneously, could help explain the true mechanism of the earthquake. The story was mentioned in a Time magazine article, although with little detail. Richard Pallardy received a B.A. (2009). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Just after midnight, the water under the bridge rose to 4 feet (1.2 meters) above normal-the first wave of the tsunami had arrived. The focus of the earthquake was relatively shallow at 33km (21mi), considering that earthquakes in northern Chile and Argentina may reach depths of 70km (43mi). By 1:04 a.m., the men on the bridge realized that they should run the few hundred feet to high ground. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. During the ride, Mr. Maldonado's horse had to jump newly formed cracks in the road. He . The family needed to cover half a mile just to reach the bridge that their neighbor had used. [66], An earthquake of similar magnitude occurred in this area around 1800 BC, as has been determined by dating charcoal and shells washed into the Atacama Desert by the tsunami. Chilo Mw 7.6 earthquake of 2016 December 25 in Southern Chile and its in English from Illinois State University in 2005. The focus of the earthquake was relatively shallow at 33 km, as other earthquakes in the region are known to reach depths of 70 km. The Chilean coast was severely battered by the localized tsunamis which reached a height up to 25 m (82 ft) and caused numerous fatalities. As we carried on, the bus continued to stop to move more rocks out of the way and I also noticed cracks in the road. [67][68], There is evidence that a similar earthquake and landslide occurred in 1575 in Valdivia. By 1:00 a.m., the water beneath the bridge had dropped to 7 feet (2.1 meters) below normal. This report contains true stories that illustrate how to survive-and how not to survive-a tsunami. Facebook Twitter Google Email The earthquake triggered numerous landslides, mainly in the steep glacial valleys of the southern Andes. It was eternal and that made it more terrible. This quake occurred along the coast of Chile on May 22, 1960. These vents produced an output of about 0.25km3 DRE both in form of lava flows and tephra. The chapter also discusses the extent and effects of the hazards; their . The family of Jos Navarro, farming on a low peninsula near Maulln, Chile, had only one quick route to high ground after the 1960 Chile earthquake. The event was named after the city most affected by the quake, Valdivia. During the 1960 Chile earthquake, the western margin of the South American Plate lurched as much as 60 feet relative to the subducting Nazca Plate, in an area 600 miles long and more than 100 miles wide. We present results for joint kinematic inversion of high-rate GPS, strong motion and InSAR data for the 2016 M7.6 Melinka earthquake.We show that the source is a compact 35 s long rupture with 5.0 0.15 m of peak slip. During Mass, the priest talked about earthquakes. [52], The tsunami that struck the coast of southern Chile destroyed seaside farms, killing numerous livestock and people. The bus stopped abruptly, and all the locals on the bus were craning their heads to see what was going on. Scientists are saying one of the biggest quakes in the 20th century now happening in Valdivia located in southern Chile. The Nazca plate is a large tectonic plate that underlies the Pacific Ocean near the western coast of South America. The roof of her family house served as a life raft for Armanda Cubate, her 4-year old nephew Nelson, and five others. [74] This 2010 earthquake was the largest to affect Valdivia since the 1960 event. Each meter the water level rose was equivalent to 20million cubic meters, which meant that 480million cubic meters of water would release into the San Pedro River (easily overpowering its flow capacity of 400 cubic metres (14,000cuft) per second if it rose above the final, 24-meter-high dam. The damage caused to Calle-Calle Bridge led to its temporary closure after the earthquake, with traffic redirected to Teja Island through Caucau River where people crossed it on boats and, reportedly, also a rudimentary and temporary wooden bridge. The 1960 Valdivia Earthquake (Great Chilean Earthquake) and Tsunami4.2.4.1. It may have been related or consequential to the 1960 Valdivia quake, the strongest as recorded using modern technology. Great Chilean Earthquake. Tsunami Animation: Valdivia, Chile, 1960 (rotating globe) Some had their routes of escape severed by tsunami waves. Two minutes later, they began to see the source of the noise, a pale wall of tumbling water, caught in the dim lights of Hilo. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The tsunami traveled across the Pacific Ocean in the hours after the earthquake; the waves killed 61 people in Hawaii, nearly 140 in Japan, and 32 in the Philippines. Some arrived there by 4:45 a.m., as the first large wave entered town. However, many other residents of the area were not, and 122 were killed by the ensuing tsunami. Things were pretty chaotic when we arrived as lots of people who work in the city have homes inland where the epicentre of the quake was and were leaving the city to check on their houses and families. The bulk of the damage in Puerto Montt was located in the neighborhood of Barrio Modelo and the northern part of Baha Angelm, where artificial fills subsided. After fleeing to high ground near Queule, more than 100 miles north of Maulln0), Filberto Henrquez saw houses floating away from the town. Chile earthquake of 1960 | Causes, Effects, & Facts | Britannica At daybreak she was more than a mile from where the tsunami had swept her up. At 12:46 a.m., the second wave washed under the bridge at a level 9 feet (2.7 meters) above normal. A series of foreshocks the previous day had warned of the incipient disaster; one, of magnitude 8.1, caused major destruction in Concepcin. The largest earthquake ever recorded was in Chile in 1960 at 9.5. [29] The Golgol landslides destroyed parts of international Route 215-CH, which connects to Bariloche in Argentina through Cardenal Antonio Samor Pass. The first three quakes, all registering in the planet's top 10 by magnitude for 1960, are grouped together as the 1960 Concepcin earthquakes. In nearby Quenuir, at the mouth of the Ro Maulln, Estalino Hernndez climbed an arrayn tree to escape the tsunami's waves. However, others perished when the trees they climbed were toppled by the tsunami. Although Mr. Navarro's wife and children headed for the barn, Mr. Navarro did not go with them. [56], A whole neighbourhood of Corral, Corral Bajo was wiped by the tsunami, while the nearby upper area, Corral Alto, suffered the loss of about 20 to 30% of its houses. The best solutions to fit the observations in four sequential time periods, 1960-1964, 1960-1968, 1965-1973 and 1980-2010, each yield a similar He value of about 65 km but significantly increasing . I walked downtown because the university is really close to the sea and we were afraid a tsunami would follow. The 1960 Chile earthquake not only triggered a tsunami that killed Ramn Atala, it also changed his Monterey pine plantation outside of Maulln, Chile, into a salt marsh. Eduardo Veliz, also from Iquique, said he witnessed a scene of chaos. Mr. [18] Structures that had been designed to resist earthquakes performed well during the earthquake, chiefly suffering damage when affected by soil subsidence or small fault movements. The stories in this book were selected from interviews with people who survived a Pacific Ocean tsunami in 1960. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It is very scary, horrifying actually. We got all of the students downstairs and out of the building. When they reached the main Japanese island of Honshu 22 hours after their generation, the waves had subsided to about 18 feet (5.5 metres) and laid waste to over 1,600 homes and killed 138 people. The quake occurred in the early afternoon (19:11 UTC) of May 22, 1960, and had a 9.5 rating [1] on the Moment magnitude scale. "El Canelo", a song by Los Lobos on their 1988 album: La Pistola y El Corazn. On 24 May, 38 hours after the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the Cordn-Caulle volcano in Los Lagos region of Chile erupted after nearly 40 years of inactivity. As the sea regressed Gloria became stranded between Cerro Guaigun and Cochinos Island. However, Mrs. Riquelme's family remained at their house on low ground near the Ro Queule. Walls from surrounding houses started cracking, glass started to break, and cars started jumping. [50] Angelm and other coastal areas of Puerto Montt were among the few urban areas that suffered "total destruction" by the earthquake. These losses occurred, in part, because the warning sirens in Hilo on the evening of May 22, 1960, were interpreted differently by different people. Others in Hilo were unsure of how seriously to take the warnings, because several previous alerts had been followed by tsunamis that did little damage. The force of the sudden movement along a roughly 560620-mile (9001,000-km) stretch of the Nazca plate pushed part of the leading edge of the South American plate upward. It caused 82 foot high waves to travel down the Chilean coast. At Corral, the main port of Valdivia, the water level rose 4m (13ft) before it began to recede. Mr. Atala entered a warehouse in the town between the first and second waves of the 1960 Chilean tsunami. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Some tugboats and small sailboats were stranded on Rocuant Island near Talcahuano. They formed part of the foreshock sequence for the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the largest recorded earthquake in history.. Stratigraphic evidence for 1960 earthquake and its - ResearchGate Select from premium Valdivia Earthquake 1960 of the highest quality. "The most powerful earthquake ever recorded struck near Valdivia, Chile on May 22, 1960, at 2:11 PM local time. Eyewitness accounts of the 1906 Earthquake Museum of the City of San Francisco Many eyewitness accounts and photos of the disaster. Omissions? Moments later, a wall of water hit the house, floating it off its foundation. From Chile the tsunami radiated outward, killing 61 people in Hawaii and 122 in Japan. The tremor caused localised tsunamis that severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 metres (82ft). There they hoped to measure the 1960 Chilean tsunami, which was expected to arrive at about midnight. The South-Central Chilean subduction zone is known for having produced some of the largest observed earthquakes - among them, the greatest instrumentally recorded earthquake, the 1960 Mw 9.5 Valdivia event [Barrientos and Ward, 1990; Cifuentes . Tsunami Case Studies - ScienceDirect Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [64][65] The victim was 5-year-old Jos Luis Painecur, an "orphan" (huacho) whose mother had gone to work as a domestic worker in Santiago and left her son under the care of his father. El Canelo - Wikipedia [64], The sacrifice was learned about by authorities after a boy in the commune of Nueva Imperial denounced to local leaders the theft of two horses; these were allegedly eaten during the sacrifice ritual. Santiago Fernandez, from Arica, was at university when the ground began to shake. The team was led by ENDESA engineer Ral Sez. This is the largest earthquake of the 20th Century. This was among the properties of Ramn Atala, who was about to be carried away by the second wave in Maulln. Estimates were the rupture zone stretched anywhere from 500 kilometers (311 miles) to almost 1,000 kilometers (621 miles) along the country's coast. Waves, as high as 5.5 m (18 ft), struck the Japanese island of Honshu around 22 hours after the earthquake, killing 138 people and destroying 1600 homes. Perhaps the most basic guidance for people in Cascadia comes from the account on the following page. The earthquake hit at 3:11 pm approximately 100 miles (160 km) off the coast of Chile, parallel to the city of Valdivia. Pablo Volenski, from Iquique, which is 115km (70 miles) from the epicentre, described a "terrible" experience. The event caused extensive subsidence and uplift over wide areas (at least 130,000 km2) with. The stories provide a mixed bag of lessons about tsunami survival. For example, in the town of Huara, more than 60% of houses were reportedly destroyed. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. He was a research editor with Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. from 2008 to 2016 and worked on Britannica Blog from 2010 Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The southern Chilean (Valdivia) earthquake of 1960 May 22 is the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake, with a main shock moment magnitude of Mw 9.5 (Cifuentes & Silver 1989 ). May 21, 1960 (1 day) 7.9 M w Arauco Province, Chile: May 22, 1960 35 km 9.5 M w XII 1960 Valdivia earthquake: Thrust: November 2, 2002 (2 years) 7.3 M w Sumatra, Indonesia: December 26, 2004 30 km 9.2 M w IX 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami: Thrust October 20, 2006 (10 months) 6.4 M w Ica Region, Peru: August 15, 2007 35 km 8.0 M w VIII [43] Aided by the United States, a geological survey of Valdivia was done following the earthquake and resulted in the city's first geological map. According to Nabih Soza, a fellow merchant, Mr. Atala entered this warehouse between the first and second waves of the tsunami that struck Maulln. Great Chilean Earthquake - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. [46] Parts of the botanical garden of the Austral University of Chile that were next to Cau-Cau River and the city's southern outskirts along Route 206 were permanently flooded. Introduction [2] Strong tsunami generating earthquakes belong to the most hazardous geodynamic processes occurring along the world's plate margins. However, when he heard shouts from the direction of Maulln, he took them as a warning of a second wave and went directly to the barn. This saying comes from Quenuir, Chile, a village at the mouth of the Ro Maulln. 2 million people were left homeless due to the destruction caused by the 1960 Valdivia earthquake and the resultant landslides and tsunamis. In town, he owned a pier and at least one large building and also had private quarters in a waterfront warehouse. 40% of the houses in Valdivia were razed to the ground. In interviews several decades later, people in Chile, Hawaii, and Japan recall the tsunami. Eyewitness Reports - 1960 Valdivia Earthquake Eyewitness Accounts Endo Fukuei (above, in 1999) recalls the fireman's warning that spurred citizens of Onagawa, Japan, toward high ground as the 1960 Chilean tsunami reached the town's harbor. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The largest earthquake in the world occurred on May 22, 1960, in Chile. [38] The most affected structures were those built of concrete, which in some cases collapsed completely, because they were not built using modern earthquake engineering. [9] The average slip across all 27 Nazca subfaults was estimated to be 11m, with 2530m of slip 200500km south of the epicenter on offshore subfaults. Their house collapsed, but Mrs. Silva escaped and soon joined her husband on high ground. Anna Rooke, from Surrey, England, was travelling on a bus from Arica to Iquique when the earthquake struck. Hawai'i had been struck in the past by deadly tsunamis, including ones from Chile in 1837 and 1877 and one from the Aleutian Islands in 1946 that in Hilo alone killed 98 people. [26] Some kilometres north of Mahun at the coastal town of Queule, a carabinero reported hundreds of people dead or missing some days after the tsunami. Go to an Upper Floor or Roof of a Building, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The 1960 Valdivia earthquake struck Chile on the afternoon of 22nd May 1960, causing widespread damage with Valdivia being the most affected city.Also known as the Great Chilean earthquake, it was a 9.5 M W earthquake making it the most powerful ever recorded till date. 1960 Valdivia earthquake - Wikipedia It seemed unlikely that we were actually going to be able to make it to Iquique on account of the road being closed up ahead, but somehow we got through and made it a couple of hours later than expected. A massive earthquake with a magnitude of 8.8 has hit central Chile, affecting about two million people, officials say. As many as 6,000 people were killed. The deaths in the area came later, during the tsunami that followed the quake. [47][48], The earthquakes damaged an area that had suffered a long period of economic decline, which began with shifts in trade routes due to the expansion of railroads in southern Chile and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. The sea was then able to cover coastal pastures, farms, and forests. As of 2000, the remnants of Canelos were still visible. Mr. Kimura, on early morning watch beside the town's harbor, had noticed unusual motion of the water. An increase of two points on the scale corresponds to 1000 times increase in energy. San Francisco residents watch the city burn. The overall stricken areas were located in the south central Chile between latitude 37 degree and 43 degree S (Veblen . With a magnitude of 9.5, the earthquake was the most powerful such event of the 20th century. This apparently caused the hunter-gatherers of the area to stop living near the coast for the next thousand years or so. Debris from the cemetery came to rest more than 3 miles upriver. Questions or comments? The waves set off by the Great Chilean earthquake bounced back and forth across the Pacific Ocean for a week. [23], In the Valdivia River and Corral Bay, several vessels were wrecked by the earthquake, among them Argentina, Canelos, Carlos Haverbeck, Melita, and the salvaged remnants of Penco. It is meant for people who live, work, or play along coasts that tsunamis may strike. [20] This magnitude 7.7 earthquake probably occurred along the Liquie-Ofqui Fault, meaning that the fault would have moved as a consequence of the 22 May Valdivia earthquake. Many residents of Queule fled to the safety of high ground soon after the earthquake, but Jovita Riquelme lost her daughter and husband to the tsunami because the family remained at their house on low ground near the Ro Queule. The electricity and water systems of Valdivia were totally destroyed. 10 Facts About The Great Chilean Earthquake of 1960 Like everyone else in Maulln, Chile, Ramn Atala survived the 1960 Chile earthquake. From their stories it is not known why they chose to do this, but their only known warning was the minutes of shaking or, perhaps, changes in the level of the Ro Queule or the nearby Pacific Ocean. Riihue Lake is the lowest of the Seven Lakes chain and receives a constant inflow from the Enco River. While most landslides clustered around northsouth strips in the Andes, other areas that were affected by large numbers of landslides were the coast, mainly the foot of the Chilean Coast Range, and the shores of Llanquihue Lake. Telephones were also off. Suddenly the lights went out and we heard the sound of police sirens and ambulances. Just in case, they also planned their own evacuation route, a short sprint to high ground. The Valdivia earthquake left two million people homeless, injured at least 3,000, and killed approximately 1,655. How much damage was caused by the Chile earthquake of 1960? He thought he'd retrieve a few things from the family house. CORFO acted the secretariat of the committee and was entrusted with the preparation of the reconstruction plan and its detailed execution. She clung to this trunk until the next morning. [62], In 1974, after the 1971 eruption of Villarrica volcano, COPERE was officially succeeded by ONEMI (Ministry of Interior National Emergency Office)Chile's modern-day emergency management agencywhen it was authorized by law as an independent governmental office by President Salvador Allende. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. On May 22, 1960, the largest earthquake in recorded historymagnitude 9.5struck southern Chile. Extensive areas of the city were flooded. The Valdivia earthquake occurred at 15:11 UTC-4 on 22 May, and affected all of Chile between Talca and Chilo Island, more than 400,000 square kilometres (150,000sqmi). Many more would have been, had it not been for Chiles preparedness for earthquakes, and the remote location of the epicenter. [19], One of the main aftershocks occurred on 6 June in Aysn Region. Find Valdivia Earthquake 1960 stock photos and editorial news pictures from Getty Images. Of all the seismic energy of the 20th Century, including the 2004 Indian Ocean quake, 25% was concentrated in the 1960 Chile quake. [64] Two men were charged with the crime of murder and confessed, but later recanted. [43], Valdivia's bridges suffered only minor damage. The economic damage totaled $550 million (more than $4.8 billion, adjusted for 2020 inflation). US Dept of Commerce The 1960 Chile (Valdivia) earthquake, which is known as the largest instrumentally recorded earthquake, occurred in southern Chile on 22 May 1960. . The boat Isabella in Baha Mansa quickly left the port but lost its anchors. Ramirez, C., E. Carrasco, S. Mariani & N. Palacios. The earthquake's rupture zone was 800km (500mi) long, stretching from Arauco (37 S) to Chilo Archipelago (43 S). The route was eastward along an unpaved road, across a bridge over a tidal stream, to uplands called Chuyaqun. This potential disaster would have violently flooded all the settlements along the course of the river in less than five hours, with more dire consequences if the dam suddenly broke. 1960 Valdivia Earthquake Research Paper | ipl.org - Internet Public Library Barrientos has since spent years studying earthquakes. Later, Carol and Ernest returned to Hilo after hearing on the radio that tsunami waves had already come into town and were only 7 feet high. Surviving a tsunami: lessons from Chile, Hawaii, and Japan, eyewitness Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The May 22nd 1960 Chilean earthquake is the largest earthquake on record with a magnitude 9.5 ( DeMets et al., 1990) for the main shock which occurred along a 1000 km N to S trending fault rupture at the subduction zone of the Nazca and South American plates ( Fig. Among them were the parents of two girls who were found in blackberry bushes, scratched but alive. These dams were removed later, with the exception of Calafqun Lake, which still retains its dam. Some minutes after the earthquake, the Navarro family saw the waters of the stream recede.

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