Today's Cubans rely for food and medicine on a mixed culture that draws upon wisdom originating mainly from Indian, African, Spanish, and Antillean ethnic groups [15]. Hernndez J. Uso popular de plantas con fines medicinales. Because of the importation of workers for plantation slavery, a vast body of knowledge departed Africa for the New World. Information was obtained from semi-structured interviews with Haitian immigrants and their descendants, direct observations, and by reviewing reports of traditional Haitian medicine in the literature. Macia M, Garcia E, Vidaurre PJ: An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia. Since catnip is a very mild herb for humans, it is safe to give to babies in tea form. Most Haitians were illiterate, crowded into barracks (barracones), paid a miserable salary, and compelled to hand over their savings to reimburse the cost of their passage [7, 9]. Produced by Will Reid and Michael Simon Johnson. Esquivel M, Fuentes V, Martnez C, Martnez J, Hammer K. The African influence from an Ethnobotanical Point of View. Jordan confirms these abortifacient qualities in his work, Voodoo Medicine. Scull R, Miranda M, Infante RS: Plantas medicinales de uso tradicional en Pinar del Ro. Baths are also prepared to rid people of the 'bad' and the 'evil eye', a practice known in Afro-Cuban religions as despojo [34, 35], mainly using species such as Vitex trifolia, Trichilia glabra, Alpinia speciosa, Allophyllus cominia. An ethnobotanical investigation was conducted to collect information on medicinal plant use by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. DG, AB, and AB performed botanical analysis and species identification. Map of Cuba with the Province of Camagey. In Haiti, Voodoo priests, or hougans, use homemade remedies consisting of herbs and exotic plants to cure patients. The hairs of the fruit of this plant contain formic acid and mucunain, which are so toxic that they were used as homicidal poisons in Africa [40,41]. Calle Cisneros No. A fresh pot of cerasee or asosi tea, a traditional plant used across the Caribbean for all ailments. The vervain plant is a lesser-known herbal remedy, but it has a lengthy history of medicinal use when it comes to a variety of systems in the body . Ethnopharmacological themes in sub-Saharan art objects and utensils. Psidium guajava as an anthelmintic). And that's it. I used Kloss's Back to Eden and Santillo's Natural Healing with Herbs for my American source books. GV and DG conceived and designed the research. It is also known as the bitter gourd or bitter cucumber in Asia, South America and the Middle East. Decoction of fresh herbal components (mainly leaves and other aerial parts) is the preferred means to prepare medicinal remedies. She is a believer of remed fey, or bush medicine. Her go-to cure-all medicinal plant is asosi, also called cerasee and corailee in the English-speaking Caribbean. Haitians were concentrated in the sugarcane and coffee areas of the former provinces of Oriente and Camagey (Figure (Figure1).1). Post Labor- Haitian Traditional Medicine - YouTube It is known in both locales as a blood purifier or that which promotes a cleaning action of the liver, kidneys, spleen and bowels. In: Pieroni A, Vandebroek I, editor. Afro-Caribbean pharmacopoeia is that body of knowledge and practices around medicinal plants which finds its origins in the cultures of African slaves brought to the Caribbean [50]. Additional file 1 lists the plant species cited by informants in alphabetical order according to their scientific name, along with their botanical families, vernacular Cuban and Haitian names (as reported by informants during the fieldwork), voucher specimen numbers, parts used, preparation of the remedies, medicinal use, and frequency of mention. Volpato G, Godnez D: Medicinal foods in Cuba: Promoting health in the household. 1960, Port-au-Prince: Imprimerie de L'etat, Leon R: Phytotherapie Haitienne; Nos simple. Brandon G: The uses of plants in healing in an Afro-Cuban religion, Santeria. Also, in the anthelmintic use of Chenopodium ambrosioides, we can distinguish a posology for acute episodes (three buds every day before breakfast for three or seven days), and a posology for chronic infection (e.g. Some locals say that Voodoo succeeds where modern . Additional file 1 lists the plant species cited by informants in alphabetical order according to their scientific name, along with their botanical families, vernacular Cuban and Haitian names (as reported by informants during the fieldwork), voucher specimen numbers, parts used, preparation of the remedies, medicinal use, and frequency of mention. In this article we have presented the medicinal plants' knowledge of Haitians in Cuba as it is today, approximately 80 years after migration. Ososki AL, Balick MJ, Daly DC: Medicinal plants and cultural variation across Dominican Rural, Urban, and Transnational Landscapes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. The plant pops up all over South Florida, especially when it rains. Different plant species are added to the basic preparation according to the specific medicinal purpose for which it is prepared: for example, Cissus spp. Selling Traditional Haitian Herbs Of these, about three quarters were reported with the same medicinal uses, and the remaining quarter with different uses. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine Topical application as a pomade or plaster is used in 10% of the remedies, while frictioning, preferred with preparations for rheumatisms and arthritis, accounts for two per cent. Haiti is tropical and ginseng and goldenseal need cool, shady forest slopes to grow in. She learned from her mother, who learned from her mother, who learned from her mother and so on. [14], while some other information can be found in James et al. Especially over the last decade, Haitians in Cuba have begun to rediscover their roots and revitalize their traditional culture by forming Haitian associations and groups and celebrating festivals and other events. In the latter province, they mainly settled in Haitian communities such as Caidije and Guanamaca, thus permitting the perpetuation of their own culture, including the voodoo religion and the creole language [912]. Freshly picked mint from the backyard will ease the pain. Our purpose was to list the plants held to be antifertility agents in the island. Ingestion is the preferred means to administer the remedies and accounts for 62% of all applications. Her laments were set to music: Needless to say, mint teas are the first to be administered if someone complains of stomach upset in Haiti or Ozarkia.. Quite unlike the soothing properties of the mints are the herbs that are known for their tonic or stimulating effects. Vervain is a popular remedy due to its multiple plant-beneficial compounds. The resulting juice is then mixed with sugar and/or bee's honey and sometimes a small amount of rum, and drunk/eaten for problems of the respiratory system (asthma, catarrh), of the digestive system (stomach pains, intestinal parasites), and of the female reproductive apparatus (infertility) [19]. Somehow, this knowledge was transmitted to slaves in America and they began treating themselves with quassia, also. California Privacy Statement, But quinine is a chemical salt that can cause violent reactions, unlike gentle verbena. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-16, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-5-16. Therefore, herbs are the medicine of choice and necessity. Otherwise, they live in hospices either in Camagey or in smaller cities and villages. The plant pops up all over South Florida, especially when it rains. Una visin del caso haitiano. 1966, 1: 25-39. To the Haitian, these beliefs are inexorably woven in with Voodoo, serving the loa and reliance on the local docteur feille.. She belongs to an unofficial club of Caribbean folks around South Florida who pick bushes from other peoples front yards and the side of the road. Part of Most Haitians were illiterate, crowded into barracks (barracones), paid a miserable salary, and compelled to hand over their savings to reimburse the cost of their passage [7,9]. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Hernndez J: Uso popular de plantas con fines medicinales. Knowledge, like slaves, was traded back and forth from slave to owner, owner to slave, Haiti to America, America to Haiti. At the same time, posology is embedded in specific rituals that are performed during the preparation of the remedies, which on the one hand serve to memorize the proper dose, especially when dealing with toxic allelochemicals, and on the other hand contribute to the efficacy of the remedy by invoking supernatural forces and entities related to those rituals and numbers. Information was obtained . The use of medicinal herbs is highly developed. 1957, La Habana: Contribuciones Ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural Colegio La Salle 10, P. Fernndez and Ca, Alain H: Flora de Cuba. 19001931. The present investigation shows that Haitian migrants and their descendants living in the Province of Camagey (Cuba) have medicinal uses for 123 plant species belonging to 112 genera in 63 families. DeSantis' appointed board approves a lawsuit against Disney, South Florida professor allegedly fired over racial justice unit files civil rights complaint, Gas prices across Florida are on the decline and could get even lower, Florida LGBTQ+ lawmaker tells the GOP: 'Im literally trying to exist', The Symphonia's climate change-themed concert series concludes with 'Water', Favorite Zip Odes: Poems about cafecito, heat, language and I-95 traffic, Bumping Lady Gaga off the charts? It is located between the Canal Viejo de Bahamas in the North, the Caribbean Ocean in the South, the Province of Las Tunas in the East, and the Province of Ciego de vila in the West. 2004, 58: 381-395. If they or their leaf doctor sense that any of these factors are out of balance in their body, they dose themselves with an decoction (tea) of sarsaparilla root. Mixtures (components, parts used, preparation and means of use) are given in Table Table1,1, whereas the presence of species in mixtures is reported in Additional file 1. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. I think the reason I was unable to find any mention of them in Haiti was because of the complete dissimilarity in climate. To locate the respondents, we first focused on the areas in the province where historical and oral records indicate the presence of Haitian communities (e.g. For example, three shoots of Mangifera indica are boiled and the remedy is drunk in three different cups to treat empacho, a digestive problem; three leaves of Cissampelos pareira are split into half and three halves are boiled in the case of fever; an infusion made from three whorls or tops of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis is prepared and given to children in the morning on an empty stomach as an anthelmintic; the decoction of three leaves of Momordica charantia must be drunk for three days, and the seeds of the same plant are ingested one on the first day, two on the second, and three on the third, and so on for seven days. y tienen faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros " Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources. Before the advent of modern medicine, women had to rely on herbal cures for a variety of ailments and symptoms associated with their reproductive symptoms. Juice extraction is mostly used for green parts and is preferred over decoction and infusion for topical applications. I have chosen eight that are used both in Haiti and the Ozarks to describe and comment on. Volpato G, Ahmadi Emhamed A, Lamin Saleh SM, Broglia A, Di Lello S. Procurement of traditional remedies and transmission of medicinal knowledge among Sahrawi people displaced in Southwestern Algerian refugee camps. Edited by Liz O. Baylen and Mike Benoist. Ed. Also, in the anthelmintic use of Chenopodium ambrosioides, we can distinguish a posology for acute episodes (three buds every day before breakfast for three or seven days), and a posology for chronic infection (e.g. Calle Cisneros No. The rapid disappearance of Haitian migrants' traditional culture due to integration and urbanization suggests that unrecorded ethnomedicinal information may be lost forever. While most women in America go to licensed medical doctors to find relief for gynecological problems, the vast majority of Haitian women cannot avail themselves of expert medical care. Phillis has sold medicinal herbs since the age of 9, when she helped her mother. "y tienen faxones y fabas muy diversos de los nuestros" Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources. 1999, 13: 145-150. While I was able to match several Haitian herbs with American counterparts, I was a little disappointed that I could find no mention of the "biggies" of American herbal pharmacoepeia in Caribbean plant botany. Those who arrived in the 1940s came either by plane or boat, although they were migrating mostly for the same reasons. Volpato G, Godnez D. Medicinal foods in Cuba: Promoting health in the household. from therapeutic activities pertaining to this cult are of the same kind as those encountered in the practice of Modern Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. Some 22 herbal mixtures are reported, including formulas for a preparation obtained using the fruit of Crescentia cujete. Traveling Plants and Cultures The Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacy of Migrations. Cultural aspects related to traditional plant posology are addressed, as well as changes and adaptation of Haitian medicinal knowledge with emigration and integration over time. 2004, 90: 293-316. They are persistent. Additional file 1: Medicinal plants used by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. The plant parts used include: leaves and aerial parts (53.5% as a whole), young leaves and shoots (9.7%), seeds and fruits (8.4% each), roots and tubers (7.7% as a whole), bark (4%), stems (3%), flowers (2.3%), rhizomes (1.3%), and resins and bulbs (0.6% each). One natural remedy that can be made from the plants and herbs in your herb garden is a frustration painkiller called Echinacea. A close-up of the cerasee bouquet Audre Rowe plans to use as a topical treatment for a rash. Gabriele Volpato. Rowe and Francis are both Jamaican. Rowe said growing up in Jamaica people used to tell pregnant women that if they wanted their babies to be born with pretty brown skin, they should drink cerasee. Volpato G, Godnez D, Beyra A: Migration and ethnobotanical practices: The case of tifey among Haitian immigrants in Cuba. Edited by: Pieroni A, Vandebroek I. The final question that I wanted to probe was some sort of linkage between the two cultures of Haiti and America that might account for the similarities I found in treatment methods. Traveling cultures and plants The ethnobiology and ethnopharmacy of migrations. For most Haitian migrants, given their poverty, there was no possibility to make trips back to Haiti to procure remedies that were not available in the new environment. We will present and discuss data about: 1) traditional remedies, their uses, and preparation, 2) traditional practices and beliefs related to these uses, and 3) changes and adaptation of Haitian medicinal knowledge with emigration and integration over time. In reference to therapeutic use, almost half of the remedies are intended to treat gastro-intestinal afflictions (stomach pains, and as digestive and carminative; about 20%) and afflictions of the respiratory system (catarrh, asthma, colds, cough; about 18%). Among these, a mixture prepared with the fruit of Crescentia cujete as a main ingredient is highly regarded by Haitians and is considered as a panacea. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Before you rub yourself with it, Sister Francis instructed, youwash it and rub it all over where the itching is.. Some plant uses have a common origin in the ethnobotanical practices of Caribbean people of African cultural heritage, the so-called Afro-Caribbean pharmacopoeia: examples include the use of the aerial parts of Lippia alba and Cymbopogon citratus, as well as the use of roots and ligneous parts of Allophylus cominia, Caesalpinia bahamensis, Erythroxylum havanense, and Chiococca alba. 1992, 39: 9-22. Traveling cultures and plants The ethnobiology and ethnopharmacy of migrations. Often this practice is associated with a ritual acknowledgement of the plant and its power, by leaving a coin in the place where leaves have been collected, or by adding a coin to the bath and later leaving it at road crossing. For most Haitian migrants, given their poverty, there was no possibility to make trips back to Haiti to procure remedies that were not available in the new environment. Rituality based on 'sacred' numbers represents, in these cases, a simple way of memorizing the proper dose to be used, as well as a contribution to the efficacy of the remedy by calling upon supernatural forces and entities related to those numbers. Psidium guajava as an anthelmintic). 1990, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. Exceptions to this are the works of Brutus and Pierre-Noel, Len, and Weniger et al. 1982, 6: 67-84. Some touristic infrastructures (notably in Camagey city and Santa Luca beach) have been developed in the last decade [26]. In the Ozarks sarsaparilla tea is also widely used for its purifying properties.. Another blood purifier that is a very common remedy both in Ozarkia and Haiti, is catnip or catmint. 2005, Managua & Santo Domingo: TRAMIL, 2. Haitian migrants played an important role shaping Cuban culture and traditional ethnobotanical knowledge. Article Consuming 2 or three Echinacea pills two times a day can relieve serious frustrations and also other sorts of migraines. Remedies shared between Haitian immigrants and their descendants and the Cuban population are mainly the result of the presence of shared ethnobotanical knowledge before migration took place, but as well reflect adoption by Haitian immigrants of plants and/or uses from the dominant Cuban pharmacopoeia and, to a lesser extent, vice versa. Pieroni A, Mnz H, Akbulut M, Baser KHC, Durmuskahya C: Traditional phytotherapy and transcultural pharmacy among Turkish immigrants living in Cologne, Germany. Consuming 2 or three Echinacea capsules twice a day can soothe extreme frustrations as well as other kinds . Human Ecology. Among the Haitians interviewed, 21 migrated to Cuba between 19131926, ten are the offspring of Haitian couples who entered Cuba during the same period, and three more left Haiti between 19461954. A list of medicinal plants was published by Brutus and Pierre-Noel (1960). Given the availability of medicinal plants in the surrounding environment, for some species at least, the use of fresh plants may present the advantage of preserving more active compounds and consequently enhancing their absorption and effectiveness. Once in the field, we asked for the help of the local government officers responsible for health (doctors or nurses from the local hospital) to determine whether there were any elderly Haitians living in the locality and precisely where. De Smet PAGM: Traditional pharmacology and medicine in Africa. Echinacea can be taken numerous times a day, as recommended by an herbalist. Anyone who has seen a cat lolling around blissfully on a pile of catnip knows that this herb can produce a definite reaction.. Generally, decoction is used for hard and ligneous parts, including coriaceous leaves, while infusion is used only for soft leaves and shoots, especially from aromatic plants (e.g. "You know the herb is the healing of the nation," she said. a Part(s) used: ap, aerial part; ba, bark; bu: bulb; ep, fruit epicarp; fl, flowers; fr, fruits; ft, flowering tops; la, latex; le, leaves; ls, leaf stalks; re, resin; rh, rhizome; ro, root/tuber; se, seeds; sg, stigma; sh, shoots; st, stems; uf, unripe fruits; wh, young whorls; wo, wood; wp, whole plant. Its popular name suggested the plant was used in creating zombies. Remedies used in Voodoo originate generally from plants, as do most prescription drugs . Dried cerassee for sale at Grace Seafood in Miami Gardens. Prez de la Riva J: Cuba y la migracin antillana. Uses of medicinal plants by Haitian immigrants and their - PubMed In: Hammer K, Esquivel M, Knpffer H, editor. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007, Oxford: Berghahn, 245-269. Red sage is an herb found in both locales and is known to be an emmenagogue, or that which promotes menstrual flow (Kloss, 308; Laguerre, 94; Colon, 161). Often, a decoction of leaves and aerial parts is prepared, sometimes in combinations of different species, and left to cool, or otherwise these vegetal parts are smashed and directly added to the bath water. In these contexts, the main forces that drive change in the cultural domain of traditional medicinal knowledge are: (1) the adaptation of the original knowledge to the new (host) environment (through substitution of no longer accessible traditional remedies with locally available ones, and the incorporation of remedies from the host culture into migrants' own pharmacopoeia); and (2) the development of strategies to obtain the original remedies (through cultivation, gathering, or marketing of the original remedies, and the development of social networks that link migrants to relatives and friends in the place of origin) [47,48]. Pedro A. Guanamaca, una comunidad haitiana. Some of its benefits include antitumor effects, nerve cell protection, anxiety- and . It would seem that to Haitian or Ozarkian, herbs are a comfort: they keep one grounded in the past and more importantly, they can be effective and inexpensive cures.. After realizing that a similarity existed between Haiti and mid-western America in terms of people gathering and using herbs, I wanted to discover if the two countries shared any common herbal remedies. Data also suggest that culturally relevant plants (those cited by more informants and with a greater number of uses) are often used in different qualitative ways by migrants and hosts. In the latter province, they mainly settled in Haitian communities such as Caidije and Guanamaca, thus permitting the perpetuation of their own culture, including the voodoo religion and the creole language [9-12]. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Pierre-Noel (1959) gathered recipes and modes of usage for various plants and categorized them by illness. Haiti: OZARKIAN AND HAITIAN FOLK MEDICINE - Webster University But even cerasee devotees say some of the claims might just be old wives tales. Other therapeutic uses treat afflictions of the reproductive apparatus (menstrual disorders, ovary pain, vaginal infections, as an aphrodisiac; about 9%), skin afflictions (wounds, burns, rashes; about 9%), helminth worm infections (about 7%), and renal afflictions (diuretic, depurative; about 7%). Those who arrived in the 1940s came either by plane or boat, although they were migrating mostly for the same reasons. Topical application as a pomade or plaster is used in 10% of the remedies, while frictioning, preferred with preparations for rheumatisms and arthritis, accounts for two per cent. This is where I come when Im sick and I really need some old-time herbs, she said. The decoction of fresh herbal components is by far the preferred means to prepare medicinal remedies, accounting for almost 60% of all preparations, which is similar to what has been found in traditional Cuban medicine [15, 17, 19]. In North Miami Beach, Audrey Rowe stopped by her friend Cacheta Francis house to pick some cerasee growing in the backyard. [15]. The Origins of Human Diet and Medicine Chemical Ecology. The magic . Anne Myriam Bolivar/GPJ Haiti . I was fortunate to have three solid sources of information on herbs in Haiti: Laguerre's Afro-Caribbean Folk Medicine, Colon's Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in the Province of Pedernales, Santo Domingo, and Jordan's Voodoo Medicine. 10.1016/0378-8741(82)90072-1. Interviews were conducted in Spanish after first explaining the aims of the study. More than 50% of the mixtures are used to treat afflictions of the respiratory system. In: Pieroni A, Price LL, editor. Especially dominant are the soothing effects it is known to have on small infants. Cerasee Or Asosi: The Cure-All Plant For South Florida's - WLRN PubMed The complexity of practices related to traditional posology is rarely investigated in ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies. Momordica charantia, Solanum americanum and Stachytarpheta jamaicensis are among those species most cited by Haitians in this study. Migrants confront a different sociocultural context and new environments where specific plants may no longer be available and traditional practices may come under pressure and therefore may be progressively adapted or abandoned [46]. In the case of a child with persistent 'evil eye' (for example when the child cries excessively), after the bath the child's clothes are burnt, and a collar is made with seeds of Canavalia ensiformis and placed on the child, as reported also in Haiti [36]. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Many Haitians are believer of "remed fey" or "bush medicine". Traditional Haitian medicine retained an important role in healthcare and cultural practices soon after immigration, when Haitian livelihoods were based on work in the sugarcane fields, on the surrounding environment, and on their knowledge about that environment. It is used for general hygiene and curing excessive discharges. and Bidens pilosa are added to treat congestions of the respiratory system, whereas 'hot' plants (e.g. I surmise that Quassia the Surinam had seen a plant similar to bitterwood in Africa. Her go-to cure-all medicinal plant is asosi, also called cerasee or corailee in the English-speaking Caribbean. Fuentes V. Sobre la medicina tradicional en Cuba. Nevertheless, some culturally relevant products such as dried or fresh specimens of Artemisia absinthium and fruits and seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus were brought to Cuba upon migration (Figure 2). She learned from her mother, who learned from her mother, who learned from her mother and so on. 2004, 61: 185-204. I was fortunate to have three solid sources of information on herbs in Haiti: Laguerre's Afro-Caribbean Folk Medicine, Colon's Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in the Province of Pedernales, Santo Domingo, and Jordan's Voodoo Medicine. Traveling Plants and Cultures. 1991, 22: 55-76. The present investigation shows that Haitian migrants and their descendants living in the Province of Camagey (Cuba) have medicinal uses for 123 plant species belonging to 112 genera in 63 families. Weniger B, Rouzier M, Daguilh R, Henrys D, Henrys JH, Anton R: La medecine populaire dans le Plateau Central d'Haiti. The Secrets of Haiti's Living Dead | Harvard Magazine National Library of Medicine Medicinal plants and cultural variation across Dominican Rural, Urban, and Transnational Landscapes. Economic Botany. Su estudio en la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba. Revealing Latinos' plant-healing knowledge and practices in New York City. By listening to them, going along into the woods when they gathered and doing reading on my own, I too began to gather and use medicinal herbs. Additional file 1 Medicinal plants used by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba.Inventory of medicinal plants used by Haitian immigrants and their descendants in the Province of Camagey, Cuba. My mom comes from a line of Haitian women herbalists from Gonaives, Haiti. Just one of the high notes from Seraphic Fire's first 20 years, Judy Blume, on top of the world (and her Key West bookstore), Adrienne Kennedy akennedy@wlrn.org (305)-995-2256, FRIENDS OF WLRN, INC. AS MEDIA MANAGER OF WLRN PUBLIC MEDIA. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 34 Haitians (21 women and 13 men) whose ages ranged from 45 to 102 years (mean age 68), in the following communities: Central Brasil, Jiqu, Aguacate, Esmeralda, Antn, Batey Varela (Antn), San Serapio, Caidije, La Jagua, Macuto 2, Camagey (neighbourhoods of Puerto Prncipe, Bellavista, Florat, and La Guernica). The earthquake that hit Haiti on January 12, 2010, killed an estimated 230,000 people, wounded many more, and left a reported one million homeless. Echinacea can be taken several times a day, as advised by an herbalist. The research project has been funded by a grant to Gabriele Volpato from the CERES Programme for Innovative PhD Research at Wageningen University (CEPIP-W). Haitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. The Province of Camagey is located between 2031'01" and 2229'00" latitude North and 7657'00" longitude West from Greenwich. The tea is bitter. Haitian empirical medicine sprang from both European (16th to 19th century) and African (especially voodoo) traditional therapies. Although no census of Haitians (residents or descendants) in Cuba has been done to date, we can roughly estimate the number of Haitians and their descendants in the Province of Camagey at about 50,000 or 67% of the population.

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