The Heartland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the heartland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia). Gerrymandering History, Types & Examples | What is Gerrymandering? Overall, the relationship between political power and territoriality is complex and multifaceted, and it plays a central role in the study of geopolitics. The opposite of an elongated state is a compact state. A state that is completely surrounded by another state. The convention produced a set of international laws that seeks to maintain international order and the enforcement of rules at sea. Much like internal waters, coastal States have sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea. It is easy to see why, depending on the type of feature. This would have allowed Libya a much larger area to restrict navigation and overflight. Irredentism is a political movement or ideology that seeks to reclaim and incorporate into a country territory that is seen as historically or culturally linked to that country, but which is currently controlled by another state. This dominion led to many problems between countries. LOSC, Article 136. Guam is an example of an occupied territory. Finally, rising sea levels threaten to alter the current demarcation of maritime zones. UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea). The UNCLOS also establishes a framework for the management of marine resources, including provisions on the rights of states to explore and exploit the resources of the seabed, the rights of states to fish in the high seas, and the rights of states to protect the marine environment. Territorial Sea. This is the primary distinction between internal waters and territorial seas. The right of innocent passage for foreign vessels within the territorial sea of a coastal State is defined as "navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of (a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or (b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call However, the most important types of disputes to know for the AP Human Geography test are: The Law of the Sea addresses issues with states and their water boundaries. territorial sea noun : the part of territorial waters subject to the jurisdiction of a coastal state usually extending from mean low water mark on the shore or from the seaward limit of a bay or mouth of a river a marine league or 3 geographical miles outward to the open sea compare inland water Love words? What is the EEZ? Resources are a more complicated matter. The practical effect of straight baselines is that they push a States maritime borders outward. For example, a sandbar can be considered a rock. Boundaries can be a source of conflict or tension, particularly when there are disputes over their location or when they are used to restrict the movement or rights of certain individuals or groups. 43 according to the U.S. State Department. However, despite this clarified law, numerous conflicts have arisen. pl.n. It can be helpful to think of the prefixes "ex-" and "en-" when considering the meaning of exclave and enclave. The prefix "ex-" means, Spanish Courses & Classes in Dallas Fort Worth. Political power and territoriality are closely related concepts in the study of geopolitics. Freedom of the seas is the doctrine in which coastal countries handle the topic of international waters; each of these countries has complete dominion of the waters up to 3 miles off their coast. To demarcate the proverbial rules of the road, the LOSC permits coastal States to establish several different maritime zones. Chain Migration Overview & Examples | What is Chain Migration? They do not create or further the extent of an EEZ. The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! An "exclusive economic zone," or "EEZ" is an area of the ocean, generally extending 200 nautical miles (230 miles) beyond a nation's territorial sea, within which a coastal nation has jurisdiction over both living and nonliving resources. 8 AP Human Notes Political geography - the study of power Cooperation & conflict are the jet fuel of power Political space - a balance of cooperation (holding a state together) & conflict (internal diversity like independence movements may place strains on the state) States have REGIONS (administrative regions), sub-state regions (provinces, etc.) AP Human Geography AMSCO Vocabulary - Unit 4 Political Geography Using the Quizlet Vocabulary Link for Unit 4 Political Geography, review all the terms provided. The dispute has arisen from competing claims over island chains in the region by nations such as China, Vietnam, and the Philippines, among others. - Definition & Meaning, Political Power & Territoriality: Definition & Example, International & Internal Boundaries: Definition & Function, Devolution, Supranationalism & Democratization, Political Science 102: American Government, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Test Prep & Practice, Sociology 103: Foundations of Gerontology, Praxis Biology: Content Knowledge (5235) Prep, CAHSEE English Exam: Test Prep & Study Guide, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading (5713) Prep, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators - Writing (5723): Study Guide & Practice, FTCE General Knowledge Test (GK) (082) Prep, Praxis Chemistry: Content Knowledge (5245) Prep, Praxis Social Studies: Content Knowledge (5081) Prep, Chemical Safety: Preparation, Use, Storage, and Disposal, What is an Autoclave? This area of the ocean is also a hot-button issue in terms of different countries claiming this territory. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. Islands must be above the water at high tide and able to sustain human habitation or economic life of their own.19 Islands possess the same maritime zones as other landmasses, including a territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, and continental shelf. In some cases, boundary disputes may be resolved through negotiation, mediation, or arbitration, while in other cases, they may escalate into military conflict or other forms of violence. What is the law of the sea? Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone only gives jurisdiction to a State on the oceans surface and floor.3 It does not provide air and space rights. States may also establish a contiguous zone from the outer edge of the territorial seas to a maximum of 24 nautical miles from the baseline. An error occurred trying to load this video. Extradition Overview, Laws & Examples | What is Extradition? jusinskij_54591. Local Government Boundaries: Cultural & Political Influence, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Overview of Human-Environmental Interaction, Forms of Governance: Unitary & Federal States, What is Sovereignty? The UNCLOS defines the rights and responsibilities of states in relation to the use of the oceans and establishes rules for the settlement of disputes. Political Entity Types & Examples | What is a Political Entity? Located between the eastern and western halves of Libya, the Libyan government under Muammar Gadhafi in the 1970s attempted to draw a straight baseline across the Gulf of Sidra and declare it as internal waters. The vast majority of States have established territorial seas at the 12 nautical mile limit, but a handful have established shorter thresholds. A boundary dispute is a disagreement over the location or demarcation of a border between two or more countries, states, or other political or geographic entities. It consists of the Jutland Peninsula and several islands in the Baltic Sea, referred to as the Danish Archipelago. - National Ocean Service, Maritime Zones and Boundaries - NOAA Office of General Counsel, Federal Government Releases New Strategies to Advance Ocean Exploration, Website Satisfaction Survey As the only federal program dedicated to exploring our deep ocean, the NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research plays a key role in this work. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. This presents a unique set of problems to the government and administration of fragmented states because there are physical barriers that prevent ease of transportation and limit the control that can be wielded by the centralized government. (available at: US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Territorial Sea. Territorial dispute. States have the right to construct artificial islands, installations and structures within their EEZ.22 Owners of such artificial features are permitted to establish reasonable safety zones, usually not to exceed 500 meters (1649 feet) or acceptable standards from international safety organizations such as the International Maritime Organization. 12 nautical mile (13.8 mile) of territorial water. The United States was part of the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea in the 1970s and 1980s. Since they are not naturally occurring, artificial features do not create a territorial sea, contiguous zone, EEZ, or continental shelf. As seen in the graphic below, the LOSC divides the ocean into six different zones: Internal waters are all the waters that fall landward of the baseline, such as lakes, rivers, and tidewaters. The LOSC provides that straight baselines must conform to the general direction of the coast and the sea area lying with the lines must be closely linked to the coast.15 Straight baselines cannot be drawn across low-tide elevations (see definition below). Australia: It stands third in the matter of area which comes under EEZ area, and is behind the countries of the United States of America and France and leads in this regard over Russia. The low-water line is derived from the coastal States own charts.1. Boundary disputes between private landowners: Boundary disputes can also occur between private landowners, particularly in cases where the location of property lines is unclear or in dispute. What is the EEZ? - National Ocean Service Territorial seas are the most straightforward zone. The CLCS is discussed in more detail in Chapter Eight: The Arctic and the LOSC. As a result, the establishment and management of boundaries can be a complex and sensitive issue in many contexts. Territoriality is more complicated than just maps. Everything from the baseline to a limit not exceeding twelve miles is considered the States territorial sea. . This does not mean, however, they can do absolutely anything they want within those 12 miles. The rights of coastal States to regulate and exploit areas of the ocean under their jurisdiction are one the foundations of the LOSC. These elevations do not create any zones of maritime control on their own.21 If a low-tide elevation falls within the boundary of a States territorial sea as measured from the mainland or an island, that State may draw a baseline from the low-water line of the low-tide elevation rather than from the shore. There is no right of innocent passage for aircraft flying through the airspace above the coastal states territorial sea. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Mackinder is known for his work on the concept of the "Heartland," which he developed in his paper "The Geographical Pivot of History" (1904). Rocks provide their owners with less control than islands, providing only a territorial sea and a contiguous zone. These disputes may involve issues such as the rights to use or access certain land, the rights to natural resources, or the rights to build on or develop certain property. Mackinder argued that the dominant power in the heartland would be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the surrounding "world islands" (Africa, Australia, and the Americas) and the "outer crescent" (the coastal regions of Europe and Asia). This was a doctrine that took effect in the 17th century and customarily limited each coastal nation's claims to three miles of territorial water off of their coast. 166 lessons succeed. The cession may be the result of a dispute or conflict settlement. It extended territorial sovereignty of each coastal nation up to 12 miles from shore and allowed each coastal nation a 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone that grants each nation special privileges with respect to resources, research, and some jurisdiction. See below for information on artificial islands, which are treated differently than naturally occurring islands. This zone extends beyond and adjacent to the seaward boundary of the 12-nautical-mile (14-mile) territorial sea of the United States. In 1994 the United Nations established the Laws of the Sea. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. High seas - The open waters of an ocean or a sea beyond the limits of the territorial jurisdiction of a country. In the case of islands situated on atolls or of islands having fringing reefs, the baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the seaward low-water line of the reef.20. In International Law the term territorial waters refers to that part of the ocean immediately adjacent to the shores of a state and subject to its territorial jurisdiction. Territoriality, on the other hand, refers to the control or ownership of a defined area of land or water. Despite its criticisms, Ratzel's work remains an important part of the study of geopolitics and has had a lasting impact on the field of geography. Copy and Edit. Contact Us QUIZ NEW SUPER DRAFT. To prevent abuse of the continental shelf provisions, the LOSC established the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS). States have the same sovereign jurisdiction over internal waters as they do over other territory. The main challenges associated with these zones are how variations in geography affect where zones end and where new zones begin. Coastal states also have sovereign rights to what's known as an exclusive economic zone, a 200-nautical-mile area extending from their coastline that allows these states special rights and privileges over other nations to natural resources, research, and environmental protection. The EEZ is the most misunderstood of all the maritime zones by policymakers in States around the world. Nations may also exercise an exclusive economic zone out to 322 kilometers (200 miles) where they may develop natural resources.Under international law, a territory is an essential part of the definition of a state. Great Britain controlled the most colonies. territorial sea synonyms, territorial sea pronunciation, territorial sea translation, English dictionary definition of territorial sea. Start your free trial today and get unlimited access to America's largest dictionary, with: Territorial sea. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/territorial%20sea. This new doctrine specified who could pass through their waters. 7 The second method is to use fixed distances in what is called the Hedberg formula. Mackinder believed that this region was central to interaction between Europe and Asia and to the rest of the world. The classic example of a prorupted state is Thailand. Despite the importance of these resources to the health and security of our nation, only about 40 percent of the U.S. EEZ has been mapped, and significantly less has been fully characterized, meaning that these resources remain poorly understood and undefined. The distance between Guam and the nearest U.S. state, Hawai'i, is more than 6,000 kilometers (3,728.23 miles). 200 . These rights extend not only on the surface but also to the seabed and subsoil, as well as vertically to airspace. The first method is by measuring geological features using what is called the Gardiner formula. For When 'Lowdown Crook' Isn't Specific Enough. Territorial Waters. The LOSC provides no clear guidance on this emerging issue. This seaward extension is geologically formed as the seabed slopes away from the coast, typically consisting of a gradual slope (the continental shelf proper), followed by a steep slope (the continental slope), and then a more gradual slope leading to the deep seabed floor. The convention established international norms for recognizing sovereignty, boundaries, and international relations. Boundary disputes can be difficult to resolve, as they often involve complex legal, historical, and cultural issues. A fragmented state is a state that __________. Just as you wouldn't want your backyard looted and polluted, neither did coastal countries around the world. Topics Page Ch. Territory is a geographical area subject to the sovereignty, control, or jurisdiction of a state or other entity. Territorial seas legal definition of Territorial seas Boundaries have always been fluid, so they can also bring about disputes. Create your account, 18 chapters | The Rimland Theory suggests that the dominant power in the rimland will be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) and the "outer crescent" (the Americas and Australia). Islands are naturally formed land areas surrounded by water on all sides. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. A state whose economy functions almost completely independently of imports and exports. Define territorial sea. Territorial seas - definition of Territorial seas by The Free Dictionary . Share. Internal boundaries can be found in a variety of contexts, including geographic regions, political divisions, and organizational structures. You cannot download interactives. Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? A low-tide elevation is a landmass that is completely submerged during high tide but above water at low tide. Territorial sea Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster Territorial sea - definition of territorial sea by The Free Dictionary It stretches a long way in one direction (either north-south or east-west) and a very short way in the other direction. The Spratly Islands have been claimed, fought over, and continue to be disputed by numerous countries, such as the Philippines, Taiwan, China, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Article 56 also allows States to establish and use artificial islands, installations and structures, conduct marine scientific research, and protect and preserve the marine environment through Marine Protected Areas.5 Article 58 declares that Articles 88 to 115 of the Convention relating to high seas rights apply to the EEZ in so far as they are not incompatible with this Part [V].6. Seabed beyond a coastal States EEZs and Continental Shelf claims is known under the LOSC as the Area. It contains a vast array of natural resources, such as seafood, critical minerals, medicines, and areas of significant ecological and conservation value. Printer Friendly. Delivered to your inbox! Possible Answers: None of these answers is correct. Unit 4 Vocabulary - Political Geography 2 .pdf - AP Human Most nations did not recognize the claim because, under the LOSC, the baseline did not conform to the shape of the coast. Territorial sea: for coastal states, the territorial sea can extend up to 12 nautical miles (13.81 mi/22km) from the shoreline, with complete sovereignty of all the sea's resources, including seabed and subsoil, as well as the airspace directly above it. To prevent this, the LOSC defines a bay as a well-marked indentation [where] its area is as large as, or larger than, that of a semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation.18 The amount of control a State has over a bay is based on the distance between the low-water line on either side of the bays entrance. An autonomous region is a region that has a high degree of self-governance and is able to make decisions on matters of local concern without interference from the central government. Governments and other political actors often seek to expand their territory in order to increase their power and influence. 0% average accuracy. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Boundaries can be established for a variety of reasons, such as to protect property or resources, to mark the limits of a political entity, or to distinguish one area from another. The Law of the Sea means each coastal nation has territorial sovereignty over 12 miles of water off their coast and maintains exclusive economic rights over 200 miles of water off their coast. Chapter 2: Maritime Zones - Law of the Sea - Tufts University It has also been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. The Law of the Sea definition is a doctrine created by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea which covers the traditions and treaties set forth by countries to avoid conflict over the ocean. One classic example of an exclave is Alaska because it is not part of the contiguous continental United States. Disputes may involve issues such as money, property, rights, or values, and they may involve conflicting interests or viewpoints. She also has experience educating the public through various programs via outreach with presentations, festivals, and set courses. The prime and most recent example of this is China's recent claims to far greater territories in the South China Sea than what is allowed for by the Law of the Sea. AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. She or he will best know the preferred format. Accessed July 06, 2017. 5030 of March 10, 1983, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. These nations also opposed Libyas claim to historical use due to a lack of demonstrated usage and its large size. Free AP Human Geography Flashcards about PHHS - APHUG Unit 4 - StudyStack Chile is the classic example of an elongated state because it spans thousands of miles top to bottom, but only a few hundred from side-to-side. These disputes may be fueled by a sense of historical or cultural attachment to the land or by a desire to protect traditional ways of life. They are also an important source of food, minerals, and other resources, and are home to a diverse array of marine life. Spykman argued that the dominant power in the rimland would be able to project its influence over the rest of the world, including the "heartland" (the interior of the Eurasian landmass) and the "outer crescent" (the Americas and Australia). Boundary disputes between indigenous groups: In some cases, boundary disputes may involve conflicting claims to land or territory by indigenous groups. According to the Heartland Theory, a government that controls Central Eurasia (much of Russia, some of Eastern Europe, and the Middle East) is likely to eventually dominate much of the world. *DIAGRAM!! A conference regulating European colonization and trade in Africa, held in Berlin, Germany in 1884. Non-Discrimination | The high seas are considered to be a global commons, and are governed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). If a second state occupies that territory peacefully and publicly over a long period of time, it may be said to have acquired the territory.Accretion is when a state's territory increases by natural processes, such as deposits from rivers or volcanic eruptions.Cession is when one nation voluntarily gives up territory to another, typically via a treaty or sale. It was eventually discarded because of issues with increased pollution and the plundering of natural resources. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. 4 hours ago. Choose one of the following three options to assist in the process of learning the vocabulary: 1. While territorial seas are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the coastal States, the coastal States rights are limited by the passage rights of other States, including innocent passage through the territorial sea and transit passage through international straits. Islands do not need to be inhabited to create those maritime zones; they only need to be capable of sustaining human habitation or economic life. Students can develop skills in mastering the immersive curriculum, time management, and structured testing methods required to successfully pass an AP course. Territorial Seas - permits states to delimit territory up to 12 miles and sovereignty extends in all forms in this zone Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - state has economic rights up to 200 nautical miles (just over 230 statute miles) - right to control exploration/exploitation of natural resources in the water, seabed and subsoil below. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide Flashcards | Quizlet The coastal state controls the access by foreign nations into their territorial sea area. Navigable waters at the boundary of a state or nation that are held to be within the jurisdiction of that nation or state, especially those ocean. Start studying Ap Human Geography unit 4 study guide. Friedhelm Gltenboth, Walter Erdelen, in Ecology of Insular . Under international law, within its defined EEZ, a coastal nation has: The United States claimed a 200-nautical-mile EEZ in 1983 (Presidential Proclamation No. Artem has a doctor of veterinary medicine degree. Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing natural resources of the seabed, subsoil, and waters above it. The Rimland Theory has been criticized for its deterministic and Eurocentric approach, which fails to account for the complexity and diversity of world politics. Legal status of the territorial . In 1933, a convention took place among many of the nations of the Americas in Montevideo, Uruguay. With the goal of sovereignty over these islands, these nations are competing to gain many miles of territory and exclusive economic zone. Bays are one of the more complex maritime features. Boundaries can be physical, such as a fence or wall, or they can be conceptual, such as a line on a map or a legal demarcation. Agricultural Hearths | Diffusion of Agriculture, Geography & Origins, AP Comparative Government and Politics: Exam Prep, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, CSET Social Science Subtest II (115) Prep, ILTS Social Science - Sociology and Anthropology (249) Prep, Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review, Introduction to Political Science: Tutoring Solution, UExcel Introduction to Sociology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Common Core History & Social Studies Grades 11-12: Literacy Standards, GACE Middle Grades Social Science (015) Prep, GACE Health & Physical Education (615) Prep, Create an account to start this course today. AP Human Geo - 4.6 Internal Boundaries | Fiveable War Crimes Overview & List | What is a War Crime? 13 LOSC, Article 151(b). To understand the untapped potential of U.S. ocean and coastal areas, the federal government has developed several strategies and recommendations to advance mapping, exploration, and characterization of our nations EEZ.