0000153829 00000 n Many products featured on this site were editorially chosen. In this section, we discuss the specific issues associated with ground operations in icing conditions. Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as during engine run-up or taxiing? Read recommendations for advancing aviation safety resulting from Transportation Safety Board investigations. One ASRS Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast and inlet areas. They aren't just limited Why should an aircraft technician become familiar with standard light signals? This same procedure should be practiced from after receipt of the clearance for landing until the landing and taxi activities are complete. When towing an aircraft, should you use the tow vehicle or aircraft brakes to stop the aircraft? to resolve complex problems it may be necessary to go back to basics. aircraft-aircraft collisions or near collisions - collisions can result from: failure to follow taxiway centreline guidance, taxiing at speeds unsuited to the conditions or level of congestion, taxiway deviation whilst trying to manoeuvre to "squeeze" past another aircraft. the usual cues such as holding lines for intersecting runways probably will 0 contributed to the incident. 0000061388 00000 n Cabin crew are especially vulnerable as they might be moving within the cabin preforming pre-departure or post-landing duties. %PDF-1.6 % All rights reserved. Weathervaning of tailwheel aircraft. 0000049616 00000 n What is air-taxi? include distractions, blocked radio transmissions, a mindset to taxi to a particular hb````| Bl@Q>[50j1M*]VS::QySgWz~\. 0000261155 00000 n involving taxi.". that he became distracted when a Flight Attendant entered the cockpit to give Taxiing Technique Taxiing in a crosswind requires additional control inputs to keep the airplane's tires well planted and, in a strong crosswind, to prevent a wing or the tail of the airplane from being lifted by the wind. All comments made here are public and may be republished by Flying. Engine Thrust Hazards in the Airport Environment - Boeing 0000152886 00000 n 0000002565 00000 n Hazard Identification | SKYbrary Aviation Safety Transport Canada is closely monitoring the COVID-19 situation. Air transportation safety concerns and advisories. 0000101315 00000 n that could be sucked into the prop or engine. If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. Type IV fluids are designed for aircraft with take-off rotation speeds of 100-110 knots or more, and may be applied when substantial time is anticipated between deicing and take-off. for taxi clearance should not be initiated until the Captain and First Officer 0000152037 00000 n It is a good practice to perform a foolproof test to be sure the pilot can see all signals. critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation poses its own set of potential safety-related problems. Aircraft taxiing in snow Ground Operations Flight Operations Watch for snow banks; snow piled alongside taxiways may present a collision hazard. Where can the standard aircraft taxi hand signals be found? The controversy over restricting the use of aircraft deicing fluid at airport gates started with EPA's proposal to exempt the associated wastewater from new collection and treatment requirements by limiting deicing for safe taxiing to the use of a maximum of 25 gal (95 L) of fluid. loading flight management computers. Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. Manual: "When approaching the holding the taxiway. Five hundred and eighty-three souls perished in Air carriers, canadian airport, passenger screening, security measures. 0000250038 00000 n The air traffic controller has given you a route to follow to your assigned runway . Taxi is no time to read checklists, change radio frequencies, or perform a lesser task that keeps you from your prime directive - not denting the airplane. Responsible NASA Official: Peter Struk Write an essay about the evidence for, and the consequences of, global warming. The A/S32A-37 aircraft towing tractor is an inline, 6-cylinder, diesel-powered, liquid-cooled, 4-wheel drive vehicle used to move heavy aircraft. Windy Flight Operations - AOPA - Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Even though FBO personnel may deice your aircraft, you are ultimately responsible for ensuring that it was done appropriately. Speaker's Notes. Jet exhaust or propeller blast. 0000101490 00000 n Controlled movement of an airplane using its own power while on the ground. In order to maintain a respectful environment, we ask that all comments be on-topic, respectful and spam-free. What does the number 100 signify in 100LL aviation gasoline? Controller: It's important to understand that A good flight starts with an uneventful taxi and proper set up for departure. PDF Taxiing for Takeoff - ASRS Description. 0000041909 00000 n Taxiways generally also have better signage and markings than runways, which can add to the confusion at an already. Contact Ground Control or CTAF, as appropriate: State your aircraft identification, location, type of operation planned (VFR or IFR), if IFR, the point of first intended landing, if VFR, the cardinal direction, and that you have the appropriate ATIS/AWOS/ASOS code: Consider setting the heading bug/course indicator to display the takeoff direction. What markings are used for reciprocating engine-powered airplanes? Watch for obscured surface markings; snow and slush can obscure pavement markings and create a runway incursion hazard or cause you to taxi off the taxiway and onto a soft embankment. Keep a constant vigil on the state of your anti-icing protection during ground operations in active freezing precipitation. First, the initial call to Ground Control or Ramp Control A few ASRS reports indicate that If misjudged, this could result in a wingtip striking the tail of the stopped aircraft or it could compromise clearance between obstacles or other aircraft and the wingtip opposite the stopped aircraft, taxiway configuration - converging taxiways can potentially lead to reduced or compromised clearance, especially where they cross. In fact, even experienced pilots may forget or become complacent about the remaining aspect of flying, that is, ground and taxiing procedures. No persons were injured and minor aircraft damage occurred. 2068 0 obj <> endobj If the engine doesn't start and the fire continues to burn, discontinue the start attempt and extinguish the fire with a suitable fire extinguisher. Still looking for something? Type III fluids were formulated for use on small commuter-type aircraft with take-off rotation speeds that exceed approximately 60 knots. Of the seventy-five ASRS taxi reports reviewed by obtain and read back any ground movement controller clearance prior to entering an area where clearance is required. Driving infractions should be investigated and additional training provided where appropriate. What is meant by the term "Hot Start" when starting a jet engine? Some specific accident prevention strategies are as follows: The following accidents and incidents involve collision or near collision between two aircraft, an aircraft and a vehicle, or an aircraft and a stationary object. What markings are required for a piston engine powered airplane? 0000194171 00000 n d&&H`]0&+A$C,:fL`LLC would place the airport diagram chart where it could be easily referred to during 0000061214 00000 n salute from the ground crew. Several pilots complained that cockpit 0000249961 00000 n Type II fluids have a higher viscosity than Type I fluids due to the addition of thickening agents. Recently approved changes to several Annexes of the Chicago Convention introduce harmonised requirements for the implementation and operation of safety management systems (SMS) by aircraft operators and aviation service providers. Hazards Associated With Flying at Night Presented by Name Transport Canada, System Safety. Fire, during engine starting. Use mechanical means, such as brooms, rubber scrapers, or forced air. taxi. Joe would like to build several bookcases that are different heights and widths. situational awareness. }OWaMJMqh2AqFQZ-`/g25\_ R{jxHL{. The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. In a number of cases pilots have taxied beyond their turnoff point because they saw what was on a distant sign too late. This could affect the handling qualities of your aircraft. Taxi and take-off in icing conditions present several unique hazards. report revealed: Here are a few suggestions that can in this data set occurred because crews became disoriented while taxiing. In all cases they should: request, readback and comply with an appropriate clearance, taxi at a speed appropriate to the conditions and traffic situation, be vigilant for taxi lane compromise by another aircraft, vehicle or object, not assume that vehicles will yield right-of-way, ICAO Doc 9157 Aerodrome Design Manual Part 4: Visual Aids (4th edition 2004). When applied hot, these fluids exhibit good deicing properties but provide very limited protection against refreezing in precipitation. Contamination as small as 80-grit sandpaper can cause a 25% loss of wing lift. can help flight crews make that taxi operation safer: Any pilot knows the danger of a midair problems. pilots should not turn onto another runway without authorization from the tower. The more viscous (thicker) the fluid, the longer the holdover time, but the higher the rotation speed required. Checklists and nonessential communication should be withheld until the aircraft is stopped and the brakes set, If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing, a request may be made for progressive taxi instructions which include step-by-step routing directions, Progressive instructions may also be issued if the controller deems it necessary due to traffic or field conditions (for example, construction or closed taxiways), The need for progressive taxi can be mitigated by proper preflight planning and having airport diagrams handy, The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight, Lights may be turned off under certain conditions whereby safety is still the primary focus, Examples would be when taxiing toward or yielding too other aircraft or in a ramp setting with adequate ambient lighting, A low visibility taxi plan will exist giving the pilot additional instructions when the RVR is less than 1,200' and again in operations less than 600' RVR, Do not switch frequencies while taxiing, in case ground needs to contact you, Auto-switch tower when approaching the hold short to monitor traffic, If you have just cleared a runway and are looking to taxi, call with intentions as appropriate, Exit without delay at the first available taxiway or as instructed, Personnel must always be aware of the dangers associated with moving surfaces, Rotor wash created by the blades of a rotary-winged aircraft or thrust from the exhaust section of a fixed-winged aircraft may cause severe personnel injury, The proper safety equipment must always be worn when working on flight decks and flight lines, Aircraft with conventional landing gear (tailwheel/draggers) aircraft have special considerations that are unique to them, The center of gravity of a tailwheel aircraft is behind the cockpit which can cause instability during taxi, Make smooth inputs on the controls and be mindful that the center of gravity is not allowed to get to the side of the aircraft with enough momentum to carry it around, Once a ground loop has started there is no way to get out of it until it has run its course, In the interest of avoiding obstacles or staying on a paved surface however, differential breaking with the inside break will tighten the loop, While speed can be a contributing factor to ground loops, it is also necessary to maintain positive control, If the aircraft is taxiing too fast, and breaks are applied too firmly, the tail can raise causing the tailwheel to lose effectiveness while simultaneously causing the propeller to move closer to the ground, If the tail comes up high enough, the pilot may experience a propeller, or "prop" strike, Flight Personnel are utilized on many aircraft ramps to direct traffic in an orderly fashion in accordance with local procedures [, Flashing your landing/taxi lights at the marshaller will help signal when you are ready, especially at night, Likewise, don't blind them with the light, turn it off until clear of the marshaller, Night: Flashlight moved vertically up-and-down repeatedly, Night: Flashlight moved horizontally back-and-forth repeatedly, Day: One arm pointing up with the other pointing down, Night: Same signal as day, but with lights, Day: Point to engine OR indicate engine number with fingers while making horizontal circular motion above head with other, Day: Move arms outward with thumbs pointed outward, Day: The direction of turn is indicated by that arm pointing downward while the other gestures to come closer, Day: Flagman holds hands in air to catch the pilot's attention, Day: With palms facing down, arms are moved up and down at side, Day: Move arms inward with thumbs pointed inward, Day: A cutting motion with a flat palm is made across neck, Day: Hand cupped behind ear as if listening, Day: Hand waved back and forth in an erasing motion in front of face, with palm turned forward, Night: Trace of letter N, given by external light, Fingers held vertically indicate 1 through 5, Fingers held horizontally indicate 6 through 9, Forgetting to remove a tie-down or chocks prior to attempting movement, Improper aileron deflection, particularly after turning, Taxiing with a power setting that requires controlling taxi speed with the brakes, To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance, References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73; Chart Supplements; AIM, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The student pilot's failure to maintain a visual look out while transitioning from the active runway to a taxiway resulting in an on-ground collision with a taxiway sign, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a parked airplane during taxi operations at night, Taxiing is part of every flight, and it should be part of planning, ATC clearances or instructions pertaining to taxiing are predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions, Since "the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft" the pilot should obtain clarification of any clearance or instruction which is not understood, Therefore, it is important that pilots clearly understand the clearance or instruction, Although an ATC clearance is issued for taxiing purposes, when operating in accordance with the CFRs, it is the responsibility of the pilot to avoid collision with other aircraft, In addition to conducting taxi operations as a maneuver, pilots must also be familiar and comply with all, Pay attention when in a movement area and be cognizant of expectation bias, that is having a belief you are prepared for what lies ahead and not pay attention to what is different, such as an atypical location for a runway hold position marking, When it comes to hand and arm signals, variations may exist, If any questions come up while taxiing, stop, and try to get clarification before proceeding, When taxiing and determining wind direction, make sure you account for the resultant wind, Consider the use of heading bugs to remember where the wind is coming from and/or to remember the assigned takeoff direction, Consider the use of a heading indicator course indicator to supplement, While it is best practice to always apply taxi corrections, regardless of wind velocity, it is imperative these corrections be used any time you can feel even the slightest movement in the yoke, During ground operations, jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash (types of thrust stream turbulence) can cause damage and upsets if encountered at close range, Pilots should consider the effects of jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash on aircraft, vehicles, maintenance equipment, and open structures (i.e., hangars) during ground operations, Additional resources are available through tools such as the FAA's, Remember when parking, to park in such a way to avoid inevitable jet blast (especially from larger aircraft), use tiedowns, and install control locks or covers as appropriate, Don't be afraid to practice if you need it, Different aircraft require different skills and even experienced pilots in, As pilots upgrade into larger aircraft, taxiing may be accomplished by the use of a tiller, vs. rudder pedals.

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