Michels AJ, Frei B. Myths, artifacts, and fatal flaws: identifying limitations and opportunities in vitamin C research. (PubMed), 25. In the Swedish Mammography Cohort, overweight women who consumed an average of 110 mg/day of vitamin C had a 39% lower risk of breast cancer compared to overweight women who consumed an average of 31 mg/day (66). Neurochem Res. Front Physiol. Vitamin C-induced decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides to endogenous genotoxins. (PubMed), 129. J Am Soc Nephrol. Sensitivity to vitamin C may also be determined by the expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (SVCT-2), which transports vitamin C into cells (173). (PubMed), 150. Levine M, Padayatty SJ, Espey MG. Vitamin C: a concentration-function approach yields pharmacology and therapeutic discoveries. 1996;93(8):3704-3709. Collagen is required to keep our arteries flexible and strong. 2014;12:32. Vitamin C. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Conversely, a 2008 meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies concluded that dietary, but not supplemental, vitamin C intake was inversely related to CHD risk (47). (PubMed), 114. Approximately one-half of the cell lines tested were resistant to vitamin C cytotoxicity, a response associated with high levels of catalase activity. It should also be noted that the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation is strictly directed towards prevention of disease in healthy individuals, not treatment of disease. 2015;35:545-564. Stephenson CM, Levin RD, Spector T, Lis CG. Similarly, the EPIC-Norfolk study, a 10-year prospective cohort study in 20,649 adults, found that individuals with plasma vitamin C concentrations in the top quartile (25%) had a 42% lower risk of stroke compared to those in the lowest quartile (66 mol/L vs. <41 mol/L) (58). Reversing Heart Disease | Linus Pauling | Tower Laboratories JAMA. Recall Matthias Rath and Linus Pauling's finding that lysine + vitamin C prevents Lipoprotein(a), a cholesterol-like particle, from forming within coronary arteries via its ability to take the place of Lp(a). Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians' Health Study II randomized trial. Owen R. Fonorow, Orthopath (Orthomolecular Naturopath) Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. Curr Opin Rheumatol. Song Y, Xu Q, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Chen H. Multivitamins, individual vitamin and mineral supplements, and risk of diabetes among older U.S. adults. Myint PK, Luben RN, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Ashor AW, Werner AD, Lara J, Willis ND, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. (PubMed), 208. 194. Davis JL, Paris HL, Beals JW, et al. These observations are consistent with other data that intakes of about 400 mg/day are associated with reduced risk of heart disease. Although intravenous vitamin C administration appears to be safe and well tolerated, there is a non-negligible risk of oxalate nephropathy (a rare cause of kidney failure) in these critically ill patients (157). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. He explained that two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling had given vitamin C a "bad name." In the 3 government's eyes, he was too vocal about its benefits. Contents Summary Function Playing in immunity Bioavailability Deficiency Aforementioned RDA Disease Prevention Cardio-vascular disease Cancer Print 2 diabetes mellitus Adverse pregnancy outcomes Regarding the incidence of colds, a difference was observed between two groups of participants. Supplemental Forms | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Gout, a condition that afflicts more than 4% of US adults (114), is characterized by abnormally high blood concentrations of uric acid (urate) (115). (PubMed), 104. P R Health Sci J. For more information on the difference between Dr Linus Pauling's recommendation and the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation for vitamin C intake, select the highlighted text. It is not known whether supplemental vitamin C could improve markers of glycemic control in subjects at risk of diabetes. Chest. Lessons learned from randomised controlled trials. (PubMed), 123. 2010;12(2):209-217. Vitamin C: should we supplement? 2011;26(3):309-318. Pharmacokinetic studies in older adults have not yet been conducted, but there is some evidence suggesting that the efficiency of one of the molecular mechanisms for the cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age (208). Kook SY, Lee KM, Kim Y, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;6:365-406. Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine Although free metal ions are not generally found under physiological conditions, the idea that high doses of vitamin C might be able to promote oxidative damage in vivo has received a great deal of attention. In the three trials that included a total of 40 participants with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, vitamin C administration before exercise (a 0.5-g dose on two subsequent days in one trial, a single dose of 2 g in the second trial, and 1.5 g daily for two weeks in the third trial) significantly reduced the exercise-induced decline in FEV1. Take 6,000 to 18,000 mg of vitamin C as ascorbic acid daily (some of the vitamin may be taken as sodium ascorbate) up to bowel tolerance (6 to 18 g). 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Flavonoids are a class of water-soluble plant pigments that are often found in vitamin C-rich fruit and vegetables, especially citrus fruit and berries (see the article on Flavonoids). (PubMed), 106. Ascorbate in pharmacologic concentrations selectively generates ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide in extracellular fluid in vivo. Vitamin C is concentrated in the brain through a combination of active transport into brain tissue and retention via the blood-brain barrier (100). For a more detailed review of scientific research on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. A number of possible adverse health effects of very large doses of vitamin C have been identified, mainly based on in vitro experiments or isolated case reports, and include genetic mutations, birth defects, cancer, atherosclerosis, kidney stones, "rebound scurvy," increased oxidative stress, excess iron absorption, vitamin B12 deficiency, and erosion of dental enamel. Effect of high dose vitamin C on urinary oxalate levels. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. Goyal A, Terry MB, Siegel AB. Clin Neuropsychol. (PubMed). 2008;19(11):1969-1974. 2012(6):Cd004567. As shown in Table 3, different fruit and vegetables vary in their vitamin C content, but five servings (2 cup-equivalents) of a variety of fruit and vegetables should average out to about 150 to 200 mg of vitamin C, especially if vitamin C-rich fruits are consumed. In order to overcome such limitations, some prospective studies measured plasma or serum concentrations of vitamin C as a more reliable index of vitamin C intake and biomarker of body vitamin C status. Effect of one-year vitamin C- and E-supplementation on cerebrospinal fluid oxidation parameters and clinical course in Alzheimer's disease. 1996;173(6):1502-1505. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is characterized by the buildup of plaque inside the arteries that supply blood to the heart (atherosclerosis). 1994;151(4):834-837. Gao X, Curhan G, Forman JP, Ascherio A, Choi HK. 2012(3):Cd007176. A number of observational studies have found increased dietary vitamin C intake to be associated with decreased risk of gastric (stomach) cancer, and laboratory experiments indicate that vitamin C inhibits the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds in the stomach (70-72). Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, -amyloid plaque deposition, Tau protein-forming tangles, and neuronal cell death in the brain of subjects affected by AD have been associated with cognitive decline and memory loss. Mineral salts of vitamin C are considered less acidic than vitamin C and therefore are considered "buffered." (PubMed), 166. Naeini AM, Elmadfa I, Djazayery A, et al. (PubMed), 18. 2007;73(4):710-719. 1999;10(4):840-845. Additionally, several cross-sectional studies reported inverse associations between circulating vitamin C concentrations and markers of insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration (50, 85, 86). Recent Advances in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Stroke. Unlike plants and most animals, humans have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C endogenously and therefore have an essential dietary requirement for this vitamin (see The Recommended Dietary Allowance). Both vitamin C and aspirin reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c concentrations and improved blood lipid profile in metformin-treated patients. Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. In another AD mouse model that was lacking the ability to synthesize vitamin C, supplementation with a high versus low dose of vitamin C reduced amyloid deposition in the cortex and hippocampus and limited blood-brain barrier impairments and mitochondrial dysfunction (99). Eur J Cancer Prev. Oregon State University, Updated in July 2018 by: Cell Death Dis. The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. Plasma vitamin C concentrations predict risk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolk prospective population study. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Tsivgoulis G, Safouris A, Kim DE, Alexandrov AV. 2013;22(12):2202-2211. Interestingly, there was no relationship between diet score and risk of hypertension in those with the lowest plasma vitamin C, and plasma vitamin C was positively associated with risk of hypertension in those with low diet scores (44). Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE, Mistry N, Mistry P, Lunec J. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastric juice ascorbic acid. Linus Pauling Dosage Recommendations Clin Chem Lab Med. J Urol. Redox Rep. 2016;21(2):75-83. (PubMed), 9 Vallance S. Relationships between ascorbic acid and serum proteins of the immune system. Pauling Therapy Store - Inteligent*Vitamin*C Galasko DR, Peskind E, Clark CM, et al. On the other hand, when plasma vitamin C concentration was measured, cross-sectional studies have consistently indicated an inverse relationship between plasma vitamin C concentration and blood pressure in both men and women (41-43). (PubMed), 55. 2001;345(22):1583-1592. (PubMed), 63. Liposomal-encapsulated ascorbic acid: influence on vitamin C bioavailability and capacity to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Yet, short-term randomized controlled studies have found no effect of vitamin C supplementation on fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and HbA1c concentrations in healthy individuals (87). Jane Higdon, Ph.D. He was introduced to the And the NCI couldn't afford to be seen as "kooky" or "fringy." Better to be just plain wrong. Heinen MM, Verhage BA, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Intake of vegetables, fruits, carotenoids and vitamins C and E and pancreatic cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study. Whether any increase in oxalate levels would translate to an elevation in risk for kidney stones has been examined in several epidemiological studies. Levy R, Shriker O, Porath A, Riesenberg K, Schlaeffer F. Vitamin C for the treatment of recurrent furunculosis in patients with impaired neutrophil functions. Compared to placebo, both treatments were found to be more likely to limit risk factors contributing to diabetes-related complications, as well as to lower the risk of future cardiovascular events over a 10-year period (estimated using the Framingham risk score) (147). Cell Mol Life Sci. 2015;6(4):570-581. In: Harris JR, ed. Lowell JA. Most multivitamin supplements provide at least 60 mg of vitamin C. Whether older adults have higher requirements for vitamin C is not yet known with certainty, yet some older populations have been found to have vitamin C intakes considerably below the RDA of 75 and 90 mg/day for women and men, respectively (207). A similar finding was obtained in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which combined supplementation with vitamin C (500 mg/day), vitamin E (800 IU/day), and -lipoic acid (900 mg/day) for 16 weeks reduced lipoprotein oxidation in CSF but elicited no clinical benefit in individuals with mild-to-moderate AD (n=78) (105). A third placebo-controlled trial in mildly cognitively impaired older adults (ages, 60-75 years) found that one-year supplementation with vitamin C (400 mg/day) and vitamin E (300 mg/day) improved antioxidant blood capacity but had no effect on MMSE scores (106). 2017;17(1):49. Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. Depletion and reaccumulation. Human genetic variation influences vitamin C homeostasis by altering vitamin C transport and antioxidant enzyme function. Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes. Dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC) study. 97. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. (PubMed), 11. Weinstein M, Babyn P, Zlotkin S. An orange a day keeps the doctor away: scurvy in the year 2000. (PubMed), 82. Urate crystals may form in joints, resulting in inflammation and pain, as well as in the kidneys and urinary tract, resulting in kidney stones. 2013;2(6):e000329. The Doctor Game: Vitamin C, lysine can help curb heart attacks Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. 2007;12(3):230-238. In addition, a 2013 systematic review by the same investigators identified only two small randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that examined the effect of vitamin C on the incidence of respiratory infection-induced asthma(179). 2018;10:18. Oncologist. Anticancer Res. Carol's story is but one in 18 YEARS of consistent testimony which demonstrates that Linus Pauling's rec ommended dosages of the vitamin C, lysine (and proline) (which he and Dr. Rath called Lp (a) binding inhibitors) are almost always effective for reversing symptoms of advanced coronary heart disease within 30 to 90 days after achieving the Balbi ME, Tonin FS, Mendes AM, et al. 2012;37(1):4-16. (PubMed), 52. 177. All our products feature Linus Pauling's two main recommendations: Lots of vitamin C and the amino acid lysine to neutralize Lp (a) cholesterol. Int J Cancer. Similarly, higher serum vitamin C concentrations were associated with decreased risks of cancer-specific and all-cause mortality in 16,008 adults from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1994-1998) (129). Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. 2009;169(5):502-507. Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and use of multiple vitamin supplements and risk of colon cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. A 2012 review of nine randomized controlled trials found no substantial effect of -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, administered individually or in combination over 2.1 to 12 years, on the risk of cataracts or cataract surgery (112). Phase I clinical trial of i.v. Three Arterial Cleansing Regimens - Knowledge of Health 1994;94(7):779-781. For example, potassiumfound at high levels in bananas, potatoes, and other fruit and vegetablesis known to be important in blood pressure regulation, and elevated blood pressure is a major risk factor for stroke (see the article on Potassium). Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G. Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study.

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