[145] Vandalism of subway cars, including windows, continued through the mid-1980s; between January 27 and February 2, 1985, 1,129 pieces of glass were replaced on subway cars on the 1, 6, CC, E, and K trains. [9], Helen Jewett was an upscale New York City prostitute whose 1836 murder, along with the subsequent trial and acquittal of her alleged killer, Richard P. Robinson, generated an unprecedented amount of media coverage. In weekly meetings, ranking NYPD executives meet with local precinct commanders from one of the eight patrol boroughs in New York City to discuss the problems. Justin Fox. [189] However, concurrent with his achievements, a number of tragic cases of abuse of authority came to light, and numerous allegations of civil rights abuses were leveled against the NYPD. An arrest that is proactive in nature (e.g., a drug arrest) is counted as a crime complaint in the appropriate category. [285] Harlem today maintains one of the highest violent crime rates in New York City. The system, while recognized as highly effective in reducing crime, also puts pressure on local precincts to reduce the number of reports for the seven major crimes while increasing the number of lesser arrests. Additionally, there were 11 "crimes against the infrastructure" in open cut areas of the subway in 1977, where TA staff were injured, some seriously. 0000063692 00000 n [139][140] Since the 2010s however, crimes on the subway has been on an upward trend once again. By breaking mob control of solid waste removal, the city was able to save businesses over $600 million. 0000094669 00000 n The city council introduced four pieces of legislation to help combat these problems, including Imette's Law, which required stronger background checks for bouncers. In July 2007, the city planned to install an extensive web of cameras and roadblocks designed to detect, track and deter terrorists called Lower Manhattan Security Initiative. trailer <]/Prev 157922>> startxref 0 %%EOF 75 0 obj <>stream Apartment buildings were abandoned or sold to lesser landlords amid rapid urban decay. The new system divided the city into three districts and set up courts, magistrates, clerks, and station houses. The IRT Lexington Avenue Line was known to be frequented by muggers, so in February 1979, a group headed by Curtis Sliwa began unarmed patrols of the 4 train during the night time, in an effort to discourage crime. Citywide tables are presented in PDF format, as well as Excel spreadsheet format in zip . In a case less nationally publicized than those of Louima and Diallo, unarmed bar patron Patrick Dorismond was killed shortly after declining the overtures of what turned out to be an undercover officer soliciting illegal drugs. The violent crime rate remains higher than the city as a whole today despite a significant decline compared to the crack epidemic. In the resulting police action, 63 citizens, mostly Irish, were killed. Shootings and murders skyrocketed in 2020 throughout the Big Apple, the NYPD said as it released year-end crime data late Wednesday. [138], Meehan had claimed to be able to, along with 2,300 police officers, "provide sufficient protection to straphangers", but Sliwa had brought a group together to act upon crime, so that between March 1979 and March 1980, felonies per day dropped from 261 to 154. [144], On the IRT Pelham Line in 1980, a sharp rise in window-smashing on subway cars caused $2 million in damages; it spread to other lines during the course of the year. If Kelly can't philosophically change, then we need to have a leadership change at the top. In 1994, Bratton was appointed the 38th Commissioner of the NYPD by Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani. [289], Similarly, crime in Chinatown increased due to the poor relations between Cantonese and Fuzhouese immigrants when the latter group started moving into the area in the 1980s and 1990s. Since 1985, the Bronx has consistently had the highest homicide and violent crime rate among the five boroughs. The first is "UCR Rape," which consists of all crimes in the FBI's Uniformed Crime Reporting (UCR) rape definition. March 17, 1996 During an argument over drug debts, July 4, 1996 A confrontation between a police officer and subway patron at the. New York City - Statistics & Facts | Statista [284] According to a survey published in 2013 by Union Settlement Association, residents of East Harlem perceive crime as their biggest single concern. Attempts to commit a crime are recorded as the crime (note: attempted murders are recorded as felonious assaults). "[224] Valerie Caproni, the FBI's general counsel, told the AP that the FBI is barred from sending agents into mosques looking for leads outside of a specific investigation and said the practice would raise alarms. Raymond Boyd/Getty Images According to NYPD crime stat data, in 1990, there was a total of 527,257 . The rioters were overwhelmingly working-class men, primarily ethnic Irish, resenting particularly that wealthier men, who could afford to pay a $300 ($5,555 in 2014 dollars) commutation fee to hire a substitute, were spared from the draft. That equates . 0000001537 00000 n Homicides in NYC. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. When arrests of burglars increased 10 percent, the number of burglaries fell 2.7 to 3.2 percent. 0000011008 00000 n [158] The trend continued and Giuliani's successor, Michael Bloomberg, stated in a November 2004 press release that "Today, the subway system is safer than it has been at any time since we started tabulating subway crime statistics nearly 40 years ago. [283] Although the rate of crime has decreased compared to historic highs of the early 1990s, high rates of crime are still prevalent in the neighborhood. NYPD: Shootings decline, but overall crime jumps by 31% He also dismissed the idea of "mosque crawlers", saying, "Someone has a great imagination. [287] During the 1970s and 1980s, this area had deteriorating building conditions, including vacant lots and storefronts, with fewer businesses. U.S. crime rate & statistics for 2019 was 5.07, a 1.19% increase from 2018. February 28, 2022 Death of GuiYing Ma: Ma, 62, was sweeping a sidewalk in Queens the previous year on November 26 when she was attacked with a rock by assailant Elisaul Perez. [17], The Tompkins Square Riot occurred on January 13, 1874, when police violently suppressed a demonstration involving thousands of people in Tompkins Square Park. More than 170,000 felony crimes were reported in the Big Apple last year the most since 2006, when the NYPD first started making such statistics publicly available. [160] The MTA Chair and CEO Janno Lieber stated that are also looking into "making changes to subway platforms", and that "these (shoving) incidents are unacceptable and have to stop. City of New York. [280][281][282], Harlem, a large neighborhood within the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan, has historically had some of the highest rates of poverty and violent crime citywide. By the time of Cosell's 1977 commentary, dozens of buildings were being burned in the South Bronx every day, sometimes whole blocks at a time. 0000041071 00000 n In 2022, the New York City subway chief told commuters to stay off the platform edge as much as possible. USA NYC LOS ANGELES PHILADELPHIA HOUSTON CHICAGO 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 De Blasio responded that more officers would be on the streets:[215], "We're not going back to the bad old days when there was so much violence in the city, nor are we going back to the bad old days where policing was done the wrong way, and, in too many cases, police and community could never connect and find that mutual respect. The borough experienced a sharp increase in crime during the post-war period. However, overall crime grew by 70% between 1979 and 1980. Oh suck those stats. [189] A small but significant nationwide drop in crime also preceded Giuliani's election, and continued throughout the 1990s. Create a city Office of Nightlife Affairs. Crime in Harlem is primarily related to illicit activities such as theft, robbery, drug trafficking and prostitution. They were known as the Guardian Angels, and would eventually expand their operations into other parts of the five boroughs. On January 1, 2018, he was sworn in for a second term as mayor. Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Shira Scheindlin blocked the order requiring changes to the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk program and removed the judge from the case", "The Appearance of Impropriety and Partiality", "Attorneys for New York City asked a federal appeals court Saturday to vacate a judge's orders that require the police department to change its stop-and-frisk practice that critics argue unfairly targets minorities", "Lame Duck Litigation and the City of New York's "Double Game", "Bill de Blasio For New York: Rising Together Safe Streets, Safe Neighborhoods", New York (Manhattan, the Bronx, Staten Island), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_New_York_City&oldid=1151615166, Articles with dead external links from August 2015, Articles with dead external links from August 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2023, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, April 14, 1903 The dismembered and mutilated body of Benedetto Madonia, who had last been seen the day before eating with several high-ranking figures in the, March 19, 1935 The arrest of a shoplifter inflames racial tensions in, July 4, 1940 Two police detectives are killed, and other officers injured, when, March 8, 1952 A month after helping police find bank robber, May 18, 1962 Two NYPD detectives were killed in a gun battle with robbers at the Boro Park Tobacco store in Brooklyn, the first time two NYPD detectives died in the same incident since the 1920s. The reports can be viewed below. [245] Beginning in the 1960s, White flight, landlord abandonment, a decline in city services, reduced investment, economic changes, changing demographics, and the construction of the Cross Bronx Expressway (CBE) all contributed to the borough's decay.[246]. Bratton had left the NYC Transit Police returning to Boston in 1992 to head the Boston Police Department, one of his long-time ambitions. The New York Times reported that at Bratton's swearing-in on January 2, 2014, the new Police Commissioner praised his predecessor Raymond Kelly, but also signaled his intention to strike a more conciliatory tone with ordinary New Yorkers who had become disillusioned with policing in the city: "We will all work hard to identify why is it that so many in this city do not feel good about this department that has done so much to make them safe what has it been about our activities that have made so many alienated?".[230]. Also, since the crime index is based on the FBI crime index, which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories that the FBI does not quantify. [citation needed], In 1835, the New York Herald was established by James Gordon Bennett, Sr., who helped revolutionize journalism by covering stories that appeal to the masses including crime reporting. Factbox: Despite recent uptick, New York City crime down from past [156] The extent to which his policies deserve the credit is disputed. CompStat[296] is the name given to the New York City Police Department's accountability process and has since been replicated in many other departments. In 2021 there were 5.7 homicides per 100,000 people in New York City, compared to a rate of 35 in Philadelphia and 55 in New Orleans. NYC Crime: Top NYPD officials suggest car owners get AirTag to prevent In 1979, six murders on the subway occurred in the first two months of the year, compared to nine during the entire previous year. 0000004698 00000 n Major crime continues to surge in NYC, up 36% this year: new police data 0000086274 00000 n [142], However, as a consequence of the city's 1976 fiscal crisis, service had become poor and crime had gone up, with crime being announced on the subway almost every day. [260][261][262][263] The Bronx has the highest rate of poverty in New York City, and the greater South Bronx is the poorest area.[264][265]. Violent crime in the city has dropped by three quarters in the twelve years ending in 2005 with the murder rate at its lowest then level since 1963 with 539 murders that year, for a murder rate of 6.58 per 100,000 people, compared to 2,245 murders in 1990. 0000003841 00000 n The CDC tracks murders by analyzing information contained in death . 2023 All Rights Reserved, NYC is a trademark and service mark of the City of New York, City Wide Crime Statistics Weekly (Excel), City of New York Department of Correction Crime Statistics (PDF), City of New York Department of Correction Crime Statistics (Excel), New York City Housing Authority Crime Statistics Weekly (PDF), New York City Housing Authority Crime Statistics Weekly (Excel), Incident Level Arrest Data - 2013 through most recent full year, Incident Level Summons Data - 2013 through most recent full year, Incident Level Shooting Data - 2013 through most recent full year, Incident Level Complaint Data - 2006 through most recent full year, Incident Level Arrest Data - current year through most recent full quarter, Incident Level Summons Data - current year through most recent full quarter, Incident Level Shooting Data - current year through most recent full quarter, Incident Level Complaint Data - current year through most recent full quarter. 0000007994 00000 n Ralph on Twitter: "Oh suck those stats. NYC, Chicago, Detroit, Los By February 1980, the Guardian Angels' ranks numbered 220.[143]. [201] Since 1991, the city has seen a continuous fifteen-year trend of decreasing crime. On enforcement, NYPD officers in October 2022 made 4,367 arrests for complaints of major felony crimes, a 16.5% increase over the 3,749 arrests for major felonies in the same month last year. Law enforcement officers at the scene of an April shooting at . In 1991 the Transit Police gained national accreditation under Bratton. "65 cent fare considered in talks on coping with subway crime". 0000095180 00000 n [146] Often, bus transfers, sold on the street for 50 cents, were also sold illegally, mainly at subway-to-bus transfer hubs. New York Crime Rates 1960 to 2019 - Disaster Center Date(s) & Update Frequency: Reflects 2021 calendar year; released from FBI in Oct. 2022 (latest . ", "Jerry Rosenberg, Jailhouse Lawyer, Dies at 72", "A Picture History of Kew Gardens, NY What You Think You Know About the Kitty Genovese Case Might Not Be True", "$420,000 Is Missing From Locked Room at Kennedy Airport", "Townhouse Razed by Blast and Fire, Man's Body Found", "Man Who Killed 2 Officers in '71 Is Released From Prison", "Deadlocked Parole Panels Leave Prisoners in Limbo", "Ex-Militants Charged in S.F. 0000004587 00000 n PDF Murders in New York City, 1950-2020 - NYC Cantonese resentment against Fuzhou immigrants: Police Department City of New York - CompStat Report, a bomb detonated as they were carrying it out of the World's Fair from the British Pavilion, Colin Ferguson shoots 25 passengers, killing six, Jeffrey Johnson, 58, shot and killed a former co-worker, Times Square42nd Street/Port Authority Bus Terminal station, Citizens Crime Commission of New York City, Child sexual abuse in New York City religious institutions, Police Commissioner of the City of New York, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, List of United States cities by crime rate, "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: New York city, New York", "The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City", "Maj. Gen. John E. Wool Official Reports for the New York Draft Riots", "Exploded in Apartment Occupied by Tarrytown Disturbers. New York Crime Rate 1979-2018 | MacroTrends On December 1, 2019 Dermot Shea was appointed Police Commissioner of New York City by Mayor Bill de Blasio, this was effective the following day when he was sworn in. Examine zoning laws to help neighborhoods that are flooded with clubs and bars. The state legislature approved the proposal on May 7, 1844, and abolished the nightwatch system. The boroughs of Queens and Staten Island have historically had lower crime rates compared to Brooklyn, The Bronx and Manhattan. [194], According to some analyses, the crime rate in New York City fell even more in the 1990s and 2000s than nationwide and therefore credit should be given to a local dynamic: highly focused policing. Statistics for the most recent years may be subject to further updating as a result of continuing investigative activities after the snapshot date. Reported incidents are first classified to identify all the crimes that may have occurred, then scored to identify the most serious offense. In the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program, violent crime statistics are composed of four offenses: murder/homicide and nonnegligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. "[207] He opposes the death penalty, saying he would "rather lock somebody up and throw away the key and put them in hard labor."[207]. [8] At the time, New York City's population of 320,000 was served by an archaic force, consisting of one night watch, one hundred city marshals, thirty-one constables, and fifty-one police officers. This contributed to the New York City teachers' strike of 1968, when Brownsville's majority white teacher population clashed with the majority black residential population. [152][153] Along this line of thinking, the MTA began a five-year program to eradicate graffiti from subway trains in 1984.[154]. [243], With some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, the Bronx, specifically the South Bronx, became noteworthy as a high-crime area in the later part of the 20th century. One of Kelly's innovations was his unprecedented stationing of New York City police detectives in other cities throughout the world following terrorist attacks in those cities, with a view to determining if they are in any way connected to the security of New York. For the month of February 2023, overall index crime compared to February 2022 declined by 5.6% (8,785 v. 9,304) - driving a 0.4% (18,909 v. 18,976) reduction in overall index crime year-to-date compared to 2022. City of New York. Heather Mac Donald, The Manhattan Institute, "The AP investigation revealed that the NYPD built databases of everyday life in Muslim neighborhoods, cataloguing where people bought their groceries, ate dinner and prayed. In 1964, a race riot started in Harlem, Manhattan, after an Irish NYPD lieutenant, Thomas Gilligan shot and killed a black teenager named James Powell, who was only 15. The U.S. murder rate rose 30% between 2019 and 2020 - the largest single-year increase in more than a century, according to data published this month by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Crime Rate by State 2023 - worldpopulationreview.com In its continuing effort to eradicate gun violence, the NYPD has seized more than 3,700 firearms year-to-date in 2022 - at a time when gun arrests are at a 27-year high. This included the Jewish mob, which was led by Meyer Lansky, who was the leading Jewish gangster of that period. [138] By September 1979, around 250 felonies per week (or about 13,000 that year) were being recorded on the subway, making the crime rate the most of any other mass transit network anywhere in the world. NYC saw record levels of felony crimes last year, most in over 15 years Each citywide table contains statistical footnotes that explain the content of the table and any aggregation of subcategories within the law class. Police statistics show that as the crime wave moved north across the Bronx, the remaining white tenants in the South Bronx (mostly elderly Jews) were preferentially targeted for violent crime by the influx of young, minority criminals because they were seen as easy prey. But NYC, LA and other major cities are no longer reporting crime to the FBI for statistical gathering. Your chance of being a victim of violent crime in New York is 1 in 192 and property crime is 1 in 51. Due to the Fuzhou immigrants having no legal status and an inability to speak Cantonese, many were denied jobs in Chinatown, and instead became criminals to make a living. This was discontinued in 1990 due to low ridership and malfunctioning equipment. 0000003876 00000 n 0000094033 00000 n The New York City Police Department is the main police agency in the city. [176] In a 2007 paper, economist Jessica Reyes attributes a 56 percent drop in nationwide violent crime in the 1990s to the removal of lead (a neurotoxin that causes cognitive and behavioral problems) from gasoline. 0000011734 00000 n [2] The highest crime totals were recorded in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the crack epidemic surged,[3][4] and then declined continuously through the 2000s. Why overall crime fell while murder increased. When in 1993, Mayor Rudy Giuliani and Police Commissioner Howard Safir were elected to official positions, the Broken Windows strategy was more widely deployed in New York under the rubrics of "zero tolerance" and "quality of life". Today crime rates in most of Lower Manhattan, Midtown, the Upper East Side, and the Upper West Side are consistent with other major city centers in the United States. Above ground, the department is continuing to focus on the nexus of gang/crew violence, illegal guns, and illicit drugs. Jail and Prison Inmates per 100,000 Residents. What Do Locals Want the Next Mayor To Do About It? Citywide tables are presented in PDF format, as well as Excel spreadsheet format in zip file archives. However, New York City's unique nature means many more operate at lower levels. When the broken windows were discovered in trains that were still in service, they needed to be taken out of service, causing additional delays; in August 1980 alone, 775 vandalism-related delays were reported. All crime and offense complaint data based on New York State laws reported to the NYPD from other police agencies for incidents occurring within the confines of New York City are included. [195] Opinions differ on how much of the credit should be given to Giuliani; to Bratton; and to the current Police Commissioner, Ray Kelly, who had previously served under Dinkins and criticized aggressive policing under Giuliani. Ma, of Chinese descent, suffered serious injuries as a result, with permanent brain and skull damage. The New York Times has called both men "the city's most significant police leaders of the past quarter-century."[217]. Subway patrols were also rigidly scheduled, and it wasn't long before felons (and even the general riders) knew exactly when police would be on their train, or at particular stations. New York crime rates are 9% lower than the national average. The data, released last . [205][206] A December 2013 press release by the group said the bipartisan coalition included over 1,000 mayors. [149] The MTA began to discuss how the ridership issue could be fixed, but by October 1982, mostly due to fears about transit crime, poor subway performance, and some economic factors, ridership on the subway was at extremely low levels matching 1917 ridership. New York Police Department data shows that since January, NYC has seen an over 17% drop in shootings and an over 12% drop in homicides. 0000005289 00000 n [273] The area was so notorious that it even caught the attention of Abraham Lincoln, who visited there in 1860 before his Cooper Union speech. CompStat is a management philosophy or organizational management tool for police departments, roughly equivalent to Six Sigma or TQM, and was not a computer system or software package in its original form. Meanwhile, high-ranking senior City Hall and transit officials considered raising the fare from 60 to 65 cents to fund additional transit police officers, who began to ride the subway during late nights (between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m.) owing to a sharp increase in crime in 1982. [279] Manhattan retained the highest murder rate in the city until 1985 when it was surpassed by the Bronx. ", "New York City Maintains Its Violent New Year's Tradition", "New York City Major Crimes Fall to Lowest Recorded Level", "New York City's Murder Rate Hit New Low in 2018", "NYC Sees Over 300 Killings, But Not All Were in 2019", "NYC Homicide and Shooting Surge Continued in Pandemic-Stricken 2021", "Compstat Report Covering the Week 1/9/2023 through 1/15/2023", "Homicide Rate by Borough NYC Mayor's Office of Criminal Justice", The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York, "Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95, I-295 and US 1)", "3 Accused of Setting Fire to 19 Buildings to Collect Insurance", "New York City Used to Be a Terrifying Place", "Pulling Out of Fort Apache, the Bronx; New 41st Precinct Station House Leaves Behind Symbol of Community's Past Troubles", "In the Bronx, Blight Gave Way to Renewal", "The Bronx Has the Highest Crime Rate in NYC. The officer also noticed smoke and explosives and called for backup. Chinese gangs were also prominent in Chinatown, Manhattan, notably Ghost Shadows and Flying Dragons. The Bloods, Crips and MS-13 gangs of Los Angeles arrived in the city in the 1980s, but gained notoriety when they appeared on Rikers Island in 1993 to fight off the already established Latin Kings gang. Compare Bronx crime data to other cities, states, and neighborhoods in the U.S. on NeighborhoodScout. 2023 All Rights Reserved, NYC is a trademark and service mark of the City of New York, Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses 2000-2022 (PDF), Citywide Seven Major Felony Offenses 2000-2022 (Excel), Citywide Non-Seven Major Felony Offenses 2000-2022 (PDF), Citywide Non-Seven Major Felony Offenses 2000-2022 (Excel), Citywide Misdemeanor Offenses 2000-2022 (PDF), Citywide Misdemeanor Offenses 2000-2022 (Excel), Citywide Violation Offenses 2000-2022 (PDF), Citywide Violation Offenses 2000-2022 (Excel). [10], The murder of Mary Rogers in 1841 was heavily covered by the press, which also put the spotlight on the ineptitude and corruption in the city's watchmen system of law enforcement. Surges in robbery, burglary and other crimes drove a 22 percent increase in overall major crime in New York City last year compared with the year prior, despite a significant drop in . March 7, 1990 Twelve-year-old Haitian immigrant David Opont is mugged and set on fire by a 14-year-old assailant, who remained anonymous because he was tried as a minor. On October 16, 1992, David Dinkins appointed Raymond Kelly the 37th Police Commissioner of the City of New York. Politico Claims Red States Responsible for Vast Majority of Crime Some advocacy groups who support the bail reforms accused the NYPD of misclassifying non-index crimes to put pressure on politicians in Albany. The crack epidemic of the late 1980s and early 1990s impacted the community especially hard. Assault on Rather Leaves Mystery as to Motive", "Belatedly, the Riddle of an Attack on Rather Is Solved", "A Gentle Young Man Who Would Be 16 Forever", "3 Years Later, Attack Haunts Youth Set Afire", "Last Charges Dismissed in Tourist's Slaying", "2 Teen-Agers Shot to Death in a Brooklyn School", "94-Year Term in Firebombing in the Subway", "Page One 8 Killed in Harlem Arson / Gunman Among Dead", "Family of Slain Ukrainian-Jewish Deli Owner Appeals for Information (03/01/98)", "2 Men Plead Guilty in Killing of Club Denizen", "Landlord of Missing Manhattan Couple to Be Paroled in Month", "Big L Top 10 Unsolved Hip-Hop Murders", "Both Defendants Guilty of All Charges in Carnegie Deli Murders", "Killed on Sept. 11, 2001, But Destined to Be Mourned Only Quietly, Only by a Few", "Mother of Slain Girl Wins OK to Sue Police for Bias in Lack of Investigation", "Suspect in 2005 Brooklyn Beheading Claims Innocence by Yelling 'I Can't Even Dissect a Frog' in Court", "Stepfather Is Convicted of Manslaughter in Beating Death of 7-Year-Old Girl", "Littlejohn Files Motion Requesting New Attorney", "4 Harlem Boys Will Be Tried as Juveniles", "New York Man Sentenced to 50 Years in Prison for Strangling Teen to Death in Weehawken", "Doubts Emerge About Teenager's Role in S.I.