Titanosaurs (or titanosaurians; members of the group Titanosauria) were a diverse group of sauropod dinosaurs, including genera from all seven continents. A fourth specimen, of an unidentified titanosaur from Brazil, preserves a nearly complete neck, with only the atlas, the tiny vertebra forming the joint between the skull and neck, missing. [44], For much of the 20th century, most known species of titanosaurs were classified in the family Titanosauridae, which is no longer in widespread use. Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae were retained with their original definitions, but Lithostrotia was considered a synonym of Titanosauridae, and Titanosaurinae was considered a paraphyletic clade of unrelated titanosaurids. More internal clades were resolved for Titanosauria, with Nemegtosaurus and Rapetosaurus united within Nemegtosauridae, and Saltasauridae including two subfamilies, Opisthocoelicaudiinae and Saltasaurinae. Their forelimbs were also stocky, and often longer than their hind limbs. Such camellate bone is, among sauropods, especially pronounced in the largest and longest-necked species. However, titanosaurs evolved the manus even further, completely losing the phalanges and heavily modifying the metacarpals. [2][31]:309 Bonaparte and Coria, in their 1993 description, noted the ribs were hollow, unlike those of many other sauropods, but later authors argued this hollowing could also have been due to erosion after the death of the individual. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuds. [2][5], Relationships within Titanosauria are amongst the least understood of all groups of dinosaurs. [32] However, Diamantinasaurus, while lacking carpals, preserves a manual formula of 21111, including a thumb claw and phalanges on all other digits. Many of the dinosaurs of the Mesozoic Era (about 252 million to 66 million years ago) were longer and more massive than modern elephants, hippopotamuses, and rhinoceroses. Titanosaurs were widespread. A sauropod subgroup called the Titanosauria contained the largest sauropods. [44] While the original analysis didn't focus on titanosaurs, it was utilised during the descriptions of Savannasaurus and Diamantinasaurus, Yongjinglong, an osteology of Mendozasaurus, and redescribing Tendaguria. These dinosaurs had to sustain this incredible . The optimal gait found by the algorithms was close to a pace (forelimb and hind limb on the same side of the body move simultaneously). (1999) and modifying it to include additional taxa and some character changes, Powell found that titanosaurs formed mostly a single gradual radiation beginning with Epachthosaurus as the most basal titanosaur, and Ampelosaurus and Isisaurus as the most derived. (1999), as all taxa in Somphospondyli closer to Saltasaurus than Euhelopus. [16] In others, such as Rapetosaurus and Nemegtosaurus, the head resembled that of diplodocids. 63 sauropods were included, focusing on non-titanosaurian sauropods, although 14 probable titanosaurs were included. The small eggs, about 1112 centimetres (4.34.7in) in diameter, contained fossilised embryos, complete with skin impressions. Given the fact that the blue whale lives in the sea and the argentinosaurus lived on land, there is a huge difference in their heights. [28] Titanosaurs had small heads, even when compared with other sauropods. Argentinosaurus was classified outside this group and thus as a more basal ("primitive") titanosaurian. [81] In an updated version of the analysis, with the taxon Mnyamawamtuka added, Gorscak & O'Connor (2019) got similar results, with slightly different relationships within small clades.[11]. [49], Topology according to Carballido and colleagues, 2017. 1999) was considered a possible synonym of Saltasauridae. Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement, 12 Novels Considered the Greatest Book Ever Written, Inventors and Inventions of the Industrial Revolution, https://www.britannica.com/list/titanosaurs-8-of-the-worlds-biggest-dinosaurs. When its bones were dug up in 1997, Isisaurus was identified as a species of Titanosaurus; only after further analysis was this titanosaur assigned its own genus, named after the Indian Statistical Institute (which houses many dinosaur fossils). Because of their sparse arrangement, it was unlikely that they served a significant role in defense. The taxa that possessed the articulations were united within the new family Andesauridae, and the two families were grouped together within the new clade Titanosauria. Fossilized dung associated with late Cretaceous titanosaurids from India has revealed phytoliths, silicified plant fragments, that offer clues to a broad, unselective plant diet. [14] The model reached a top speed of just over 2m/s (7.2km/h, 5mph). In early 1989, the Argentine palaeontologist Jos F. Bonaparte initiated a larger excavation of the site involving palaeontologists of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, yielding a number of additional elements from the same individual. Trying to raise my child when 2 gigas roll up. Titanosauria - Wikipedia [53], For his 1986 thesis, Argentinian paleontologist Jaime Powell described and classified many new genera of South American titanosaurs. The same area is reduced in Argentinosaurus to only two ridges, and is fully absent in taxa like Opisthocoelicaudia and Saltasaurus. Although it did coexist with Alamosaurus . Lithostrotia (Upchurch et al. Shingopana is the Swahili word for wide neck, and it was the titanosaurs inflated cervical vertebrae that inspired the name of the species. In December 2011, Argentine scientists announced titanosaur fossils had been found on Antarctica[14]meaning that titanosaur fossils have been found on all continents. T-rex was specialized in taking down prey like edmontosaurus or Triceratops. [85][86] Remains have also been discovered in New Zealand. Show more ARK: Survival Evolved 2015 Browse game. Saltasaurus is a titanosaur named for the city of Salta in northern Argentina, where it was discovered. The generic name Argentinosaurus means "Argentine lizard", and the specific name huinculensis refers to its place of discovery, Plaza Huincul. Arguments revolve around the position of the recovered vertebrae within the vertebral column and the presence of accessory articulations between the vertebrae that would have strengthened the spine. Titanosaur skulls are especially rare. The authors of the study cautioned the model is not fully realistic and too simplistic, and that it could be improved in many areas. Titanosaurinae included Titanosaurus and the new genus Aeolosaurus, united by multiple features of the caudal vertebrae; the new clade Saltasaurinae was created to include Saltasaurus and the new genus Neuquensaurus, united by very distinct dorsals, caudals, and ilia; the new clade Antarctosaurinae was created to include Antarctosaurus, distinguished by large size, a different form of braincase, more elongate girdle bones, and more robust limb bones; and Argyrosaurinae was created for Argyrosaurus, bearing a more robust forelimb and hand and more primitive dorsals. [5][6] In 1996, Bonaparte referred (assigned) a complete femur (thigh bone) from the same locality to the genus, which was put on exhibit at the Museo Carmen Funes. The dig revealed one of the most-complete titanosaur skeletons discovered thus far. In both studies, the new taxa formed clades within Titanosauridae, although neither were named, and new diagnostic features were proposed for the family. [37] Traditionally, the majority of sauropod fossils from the Cretaceous had been referred to a single family, the Titanosauridae, which has been in use since 1893. Australia had titanosaurs around 96 million years ago: fossils have been discovered in Queensland of a creature around 25 metres (82ft) long. [45], Overlooking the naming of Titanosauria, Paul Upchurch in 1995 named the clade Titanosauroidea, to include Opisthocoelicaudia and the more derived Titanosauridae (Malawisaurus, Alamosaurus and Saltasaurus). [38] In their 1993 first description of Argentinosaurus, Bonaparte and Coria noted it differed from typical titanosaurids in having hyposphene-hypantrum articulations. It was originally reported from the Huincul Group of the Ro Limay Formation,[2] which have since become known as the Huincul Formation and the Ro Limay Subgroup, the latter of which is a subdivision of the Neuqun Group. [2] In 2019, Paul estimated the total length of the dorsal vertebral column at 447 centimetres (176in) and the width of the pelvis at 0.6 times the combined length of the dorsal and sacral vertebral column. However, this didn't mean that sauropods as a whole were destined for early . From skin impressions found with fossils, it has been determined that the skin of many titanosaurs was armored with a small mosaic of small, bead-like scales surrounding larger scales. Although the juvenile skeleton was only 8 meters (about 26 feet) in length and an adult skeleton was not present, paleontologists estimated that fully grown members of this species could have been as large as 15 meters (about 49 feet) long. They did not recover it as a lognkosaurian but as either a basal titanosaur or a sister taxon of the more derived Epachthosaurus. (2017) published a phylogenetic analysis of Titanosauria including the most taxa of any analysis of the clade. [37][38] Osteoderms were present on both large and small species, so they were not solely used by smaller species as protection against predators. Advantages of giant sizes would likely have included the ability to keep food inside the digestive tract for lengthy periods to extract a maximum of energy, and increased protection against predators. [57] This was followed up by Upchurch's 1998 study on sauropod phylogenetics, which additionally recovered Phuwiangosaurus and Andesaurus within Titanosauroidea and resolved Opisthocoelicaudia as the sister of Saltasaurus instead of the most basal titanosauroid. The heads of titanosaurs are poorly known. What's the world's largest dinosaur? | Live Science Titanosaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period. However, it is clearly a type of titanosaur. The fossils found include 24 vertebrae, all belonging to a giant tail, parts of a pelvis and a pectoral girdle. [48] Another 2019 study by Gonzlez Riga and colleagues also found Argentinosaurus to belong to Lognkosauria; they found this group to form a larger clade with Rinconsauria within Titanosauria, which they named Colossosauria. Another vertebra was interpreted by the three studies as being part of the rear section of the dorsal vertebral column, as the fourth, or as the fifth, respectively. Argentinosaurus vs Blue Whale: Comparing the Size of Two Giants Titanosaurs: the largest animals ever to walk the Earth [2] Bonaparte and Coria described the limb bone discovered in 1987 as an eroded tibia (shin bone), although the Uruguayan palaeontologist Gerardo Mazzetta and colleagues reidentified this bone as a left fibula in 2004. [20] The huge number of individuals gives evidence of herd behavior, which, along with their armor, could have helped provide protection against large predators such as Abelisaurus.[83]. [38] A 2011 study by Philip Mannion and Calvo found Andesauridae to be paraphyletic (excluding some of the group's descendants) and likewise recommended its disuse. And Amphicoelias is. Unlike other sauropods, some titanosaurs had no digits, walking only on horseshoe-shaped "stumps" made up of the columnar metacarpal bones. Conhea o Argentinosaurus, o maior dinossauro do mundo [45] A 2017 study by Carballido and colleagues recovered Argentinosaurus as a member of Lognkosauria and the sister taxon of Patagotitan. [55][59] Vertebrates are most commonly found in the lower, and therefore older, part of the formation. [14] However, titanosaurs have the least complete fossil record of any major sauropodomorph group. in 2019 for a redescription of Jiangshanosaurus and Dongyangosaurus, and additional revisions of Ruyangosaurus were made. No differentiation between continuous and discrete characters was made like performed by Mannion et al. .mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.1em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}, Topology according to Gonzlez Riga and colleagues, 2019. [90] Examination of the titanosaur's bones revealed what appear to be parasitic blood worms similar to the prehistoric Paleoleishmania but are 10-100 times larger, that seemed to have caused the osteomyelitis. The following list describes eight titanosaurs of varying sizes. Saltasaurinae was defined as the most recent ancestor of Neuquensaurus, Saltasaurus and its descendants, and diagnosed by short cervical prezygapophyses, vertically compressed anterior caudals, and a posteriorly shifted anterior caudal neural spine. [51]:186 Hallett and Wedel argued size increases in the evolution of sauropods were commonly followed by size increases of their predators, theropod dinosaurs. In terms of mass, Earths largest mammal is the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). Osteoderms were first confirmed in the genus Saltasaurus but are now known to have been present in a variety of titanosaurs within the clade Lithostrotia. (2011) with the description of Tapuiasaurus, which nested closer to Rapetosaurus than Nemegtosaurus, with all three forming a clade of derived lithostrotians. Starting with the weightiest, the gold-medal winner is likely Argentinosaurus. Some titanosaurs had osteoderms. Muscles and their properties were based on comparisons with living animals; the final model had a mass of 83 tonnes (91 short tons). The titanosaurs were the last great group of sauropods, which existed from about 136[84] to 66 million years ago, before the CretaceousPaleogene extinction event, and were the dominant herbivores of their time. [43], Trigonosaurus (="Titanosaurinae indet. [19], While Argentinosaurus was definitely a massive animal, there is disagreement over whether it was the largest known titanosaur. named Lognkosauria, defined by the two genera classified within it. Mazzetta and colleagues used regression equations to estimate its original length at 2.557 metres (8.39ft), which is similar to the length of the other femur, and later in 2019 Paul gave a similar estimate of 2.575 metres (8.45ft). [36], The complete femur that was assigned to Argentinosaurus is 2.5 metres (8.2ft) long. [59], Argentinian paleontologist Jaime Powell published his 1986 thesis in 2003, with revisions to bring his old work up to date, including the addition of more phylogenetics and the recognition of Titanosauria as a clade name. [51] Following this, Austro-Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa reviewed reptile genera in 1928, and provided a short classification of Sauropoda, where he placed the Titanosaurinae (a reranking of Lydekker's Titanosauridae) in Morosauridae, and included the genera Titanosaurus, Hypselosaurus and Macrurosaurus because they all had strongly procoelous caudals. [10] In 2004, Mazzetta and colleagues provided a range of 6088 tonnes (6697 short tons) and considered 73 tonnes (80 short tons) to be the most likely mass, making it the heaviest sauropod known from good material. [29][30] Their vertebrae (back bones) were solid (not hollowed-out), which may be a reversal to more basal saurischian characteristics. [36] Several other arrangements have been proposed, such as a single row along the midline, and it is possible that different species had different arrangements. The more complete taxon can then be scaled up to match the dimensions of Argentinosaurus. Lately, titanosaurs (but not Titanosaurus) have been generating headlines, as bigger and bigger specimens have been discovered in South America. [48] Lithostrotia adopted the distinguishing feature of strongly procoelous caudals, previously used for Titanosauria. Using computer simulation and machine learning techniques, which found a combination of movements that minimised energy requirements, the digital Argentinosaurus learned to walk. Opisthocoelicaudia was placed in Opisthocoelicaudiinae within Camarasauridae, following its original description and not later works, and Nemegtosaurus and Quaesitosaurus were placed within Dicraeosaurinae. [14] In 2014 and 2018, Roger Benson and colleagues estimated the mass of Argentinosaurus at 90 and 95 tonnes (99 and 105 short tons),[17][18] but these estimates were questioned due to a very large error range and lack of precision. [6][48][47] Lithostrotians include titanosaurs such as Alamosaurus, Isisaurus, Malawisaurus, Rapetosaurus, and Saltasaurus. In 2016, Mark Hallett and Matthew Wedel stated that the eggs of Argentinosaurus were probably only 1 litre (0.26USgal) in volume, and that a hatched Argentinosaurus was no longer than 1 metre (3.3ft) and not heavier than 5 kilograms (11lb). [63] The situation of caudals in Rinconsaurus also suggested procoelous caudals were no longer diagnostic, because in the tail of Rinconsaurus the vertebrae regularly changed their articular surfaces, being from procoelous caudals interspersed with amphicoelous, opisthocoelous and biconvex vertebrae. . The new Argentine titanosaur was about the same size as the biggest Argentinosaurus May 19, 2014 You've probably seen a lot of yapping in the news about a new "world's largest dinosaur", with the standard photos of people lying down next to unfeasibly large bones. The T-Rex would certainly win on land, and the spinosaurus would certainly win in the water. [8] [46], Another 2018 study by Hesham Sallam and colleagues found two different phylogenetic positions for Argentinosaurus based on two data sets. [60] Theropods including carcharodontosaurids such as Mapusaurus,[52] abelisaurids including Skorpiovenator,[65] Ilokelesia, and Tralkasaurus,[66] noasaurids such as Huinculsaurus,[67] paravians such as Overoraptor,[68] and other theropods such as Aoniraptor and Gualicho[69] have also been discovered there. [54] These deposits were laid down during the Upper Cretaceous, either in the middle Cenomanian to early Turonian stages[55] or the early Turonian to late Santonian. [8] However, Paul found Patagotitan to be smaller than Argentinosaurus in 2019, due to the latter's dorsal column being considerably longer. Aeolosaurus, Alamosaurus, Ampelosaurus and Magyarosaurus were looked at using their character list, but were considered too incomplete to add to the final study. (2007), although Epachthosaurus was nested with Rapetosaurus outside the clades of aeolosaurines. [39] In 2002, Davide Pisani and colleagues recovered Argentinosaurus as a member of Titanosauria, and again found it to be in a clade with Opisthocoelicaudia and an unnamed taxon, in addition to Lirainosaurus. Titanosaur | Size, Length, & Facts | Britannica These long-necked, large-bodied dinosaurs pushed evolutionary innovation to the extreme, and even the simplest aspects of their . Paralititan plied the mangrove swamps of the middle of the Cretaceous Period some 94 million years ago. [6][62] Titanosauria was defined as more inclusive than Titanosauroidea, contrasting with earlier used by Upchurch (1995) and Sanz et al. Argentinosaurus is a genus of giant sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Argentina.Although it is only known from fragmentary remains, Argentinosaurus is one of the largest known land animals of all time, perhaps the largest, reaching 30-35 metres (98-115 ft) in length and 60-75 tonnes (66-83 short tons) in body mass. Argentinosaurus Bonaparte | Saurians evolved Wiki | Fandom [56], Jos Bonaparte and Rodolfo Coria in 1993 concluded that a new clade of derived sauropods was necessary because Argentinosaurus, Andesaurus and Epachthosaurus were distinct from Titanosauridae as they possessed hyposphene-hypantrum articulations, but were still very closely related to the titanosaurids. Though not as strongly deformed as the complete femur, it preserves only the shaft and lacks its upper and lower ends. While non-titanosaur phylogeny remained identical in every single result, the topology within Titanosauria was very labile and prone to change with minor adjustments. The material between them represented almost all regions of the skeleton, which showed they were derived sauropods Huene interpreted as closest to Pleurocoelus of the various non-titanosaurid genera. Besides the plant remains that might have been expected, such as cycads and conifers, discoveries published in 2005[82] revealed an unexpectedly wide range of monocotyledons, including palms and grasses (Poaceae), including ancestors of rice and bamboo, which has given rise to speculation that herbivorous dinosaurs and grasses co-evolved. [54], John Stanton McIntosh provided a synopsis of sauropod relationships in 1990, using Titanosauridae as the group to contain all taxa like previous authors. Some titanosaur eggs have been found containing fossil embryos, which even preserve fossil skin. Sameer Prehistorica The largest dinosaur for which we have compelling fossil evidence, Argentinosaurus measured over 100 feet from head to tail and may have weighed in excess of 100 tons. It is thought to have weighed approximately 70 metric tons (about 77 tons) and measured 37.2 meters (122 feet) long, but some researchers believe that these are overestimates. along with unnamed specimens, Clasmodosaurus and Campylodoniscus. In order to create additional stability, Saldago also defined Andesauroidea for only Andesaurus, as every titanosaur closer to that genus than Saltasaurus, and also it's opposite Titanosauroidea as every titanosaur closer to Saltasaurus than Andesaurus. The collection included a femur (thighbone) that measured 2.4 meters (8 feet) from end to end. The entire group was compared favourably with cetiosaurids like Patagosaurus and Volkheimeria. Heredia, initially believing he had discovered petrified logs, informed the local museum, the Museo Carmen Funes, whose staff members excavated the bone and stored it in the museum's exhibition room. [24][25] Some of smallest titanosaurs, such as Magyarosaurus, inhabited Europe, which was largely made up of islands during the Cretaceous, and were likely island dwarfs. [87] One of the largest ever titanosaur footprints was discovered in the Gobi desert in 2016. A type known as the Patagotitan weighed in at 77 tons, while the Argentinosaurus reached 110 tons and up to 40 meters (131 feet) in length. Pp. Titanosaurus vs. T-Rex! : r/Dinosaurs - Reddit When it comes to the size of the Titanosaurus vs blue whale, there can be two different measures for comparison. A juvenile Rapetosaurus krausei was discovered by researchers excavating a hillside in northern Madagascar in 1998. Weighing approximately 136 metric tons (150 tons) and growing to a length of more than 30 meters (98 feet), it is also the largest animal that ever lived. Though fragmentary cranial remains are known for several titanosaur genera, nearly complete skulls have been described for only four: Nemegtosaurus, Rapetosaurus, Sarmientosaurus, and Tapuiasaurus. Their results show that this dinosaur was 37m in length and weighed 70 metric tons, making it the largest animal ever to walk the face of the planet. Unique to Mannion et al., continuous characters were distinguished in a run of the matrix, which resolved almost all of Somphospondyli within Titanosauria because of Andesaurus placing very basal in a large group of Andesauroidea. [13] Fossils from perhaps the largest dinosaur ever found were discovered in 2021 in the Neuqun Province of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. and recovered similar results for everything but Nemegtosauridae, where the family dissolved into a more basal Tapuiasaurus outside Lithostrota and Nemegtosaurus outside Saltasauridae. The biggest one was Argentinosaurus. Brachiosaurus VS ARK Dinosaurs | Cantex - YouTube [58] The Huincul Formation is among the richest Patagonian vertebrate associations, preserving fish including dipnoans and gar, chelid turtles, squamates, sphenodonts, neosuchian crocodilians, and a wide variety of dinosaurs. The largest dinosaurs of the era were the sauropods, a collection of four-legged herbivorous species that possessed long necks and tails. Saltasauridae was defined as a node-stem triplet, where everything descended from the common ancestor of Opisthocoelicaudia and Saltasaurus was within Saltasauridae, and the subfamilies Saltasaurinae and Opisthocoelicaudiinae were for every taxon on one branch of the saltasaurid tree or the other. They provided a definition for the clade of "including the most recent common ancestor of Andesaurus delgadoi and Titanosauridae and all of its descendants". Using the datamatrix of Sanz et al. Together with the brachiosaurids and relatives, titanosaurs make up the larger sauropod clade Titanosauriformes. The titanosaurs were the last surviving group of long-necked sauropods, with taxa still thriving at the time of the extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous. Using the family Titanosauridae to include them all, he grouped the genera into Titanosaurinae, Saltasaurinae, Antarctosaurinae, Argyrosaurinae and Titanosauridae indet. [7] The dorsals were opisthocoelous (concave at the rear) as in other macronarian sauropods. 10 Facts About Argentinosaurus - ThoughtCo [70], Also following the 2002 analysis of Wilson, Jos Carballido and colleagues published a redescription of Chubutisaurus in 2011, and utilized an updated Wilson matrix, expanded to 289 characters across 41 taxa, including 15 titanosaurs. Tyrannosaurus VS Argentinosaurus Takeshi 152 subscribers Subscribe 58 Share 14K views 4 years ago Carnivorous dinosaurs Tyrannosaurus and herbivorous dinosaurs We saw the superiority of. Estimates of the titanosaurs length and weight vary: length estimates range from 25 to 30.5 meters (82 to 100 feet), and weight estimates range from 60 to 75 metric tons (about 66 to 83 tons).

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